Market Survey on Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market Covering Sales Outlook, Up-to-date Key Trends, Market Size and Forecast, Per Capita Expenditure, Company Share, Brand Share, Regulations, Reimbursement Scenario, Epidemiology, Procedure Numbers, and Pipeline Assessment
An In-depth Market Insights of Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market including Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Immunosuppressive Drugs, TNF Blockers, JAK Inhibitors, Steroids, and Biologics Covering 30+ Countries like United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and Others
North America and Europe collectively account for more than 50% of market share – revenue concentrated in the US and EU4
Inclusion of nanocurcumin to bolster the ankylosing spondylitis treatment market in the forecast period
Don't pay for what you don't need
Customize your report by selecting specific countries or regions and save 30%!
Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market Analysis
As per Arthritis Care & Research,almost 20-50% of people suffering from ankylosing spondylitis are reported to show spinal progression of certain level in the last two years of follow-up.
The TNF inhibitor treatments and NSAIDs (Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) have been cornerstone therapies regarding managing ankylosing spondylitis and other types of inflammatory arthritis conditions.
The European Congress of Rheumatology (EULAR) annual meeting presented a French study raising a concern that rheumatologists, in spite of being knowledgeable about biosimilars, abstain from switching over to them due to lack of confidence in this treatment option.
On the other hand, European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Sep 2019, stated that Moxibustion, a type of heat therapy combined with traditional treatments is likely to provide short-term benefit to the ones affected by ankylosing spondylitis. This therapy is already put into practice all over East Asia.
Besides, findings at the Universita Degli Studi del Molise (Italy) state that physiotherapy is advantageous for ankylosing spondylitis-affected patients.
Though anti-inteleukin medications and anti-tumor necrosis have improved prognosis for a sizable number of patients; physiotherapy helps those who do not respond positively to these drugs. Moreover, modern day treatments press for physical rehabilitation and therapy.
Of late, research conducted at the University of Medical Sciences (Iran) concluded that T reg cells (suppressing the immune system) were upregulated in ankylosing spondylitis-affected patients who received a dose of nanocurcumin for 4 months in a row. Turmeric contains curcumin in the form of a naturally-occurring yellow colored substance.
The factors mentioned above are expected to compel the governments to divert a greater portion of their revenue towards extensive research, thereby driving the ankylosing spondylitis treatment market.
Market Players are Focusing on R&D and Innovations
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market players are focusing on innovation and approval to gain a competitive edge over one another.
This trend is bound to help the ankylosing spondylitis market stand in a better stead between 2020 and 2030.
For instance –
In Jun 2020, Germany-based real-world data stated that Simponi (golimumab), a TNF inhibitor, is one of the most effective therapies for ankylosing spondylitis-affected patients.
In Feb 2020, Taltz (ixekizumab) was approved by Health Canada for treating adults with ankylosing spondylitis who weren’t responsive to traditional therapies.
In Dec 2019, Avsola (infliximab-axxq), biosimilar to Remicade (infliximab) for treating ankylosing spondylitis, was approved by the US FDA. Amgen is the maker of this biosimilar.
In Nov 2019, AbbVie, at 2019 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Association for Rheumatology Professionals (ARP) Annual Meeting, presented positive results from phase 2 & 3 SELECT-AXIS 1 trial for treatment against ankylosing Spondylitis in the form of Rinvoq.
In Nov 2019, the US FDA approved Abrilada (adalimumab-afzb), biosimilar to Humira (adalimumab) for treating people infected with 7 inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis included). Abrilada is credited to Pfizer.
In Sep 2019, outcome of phase 2 study that examined filgotinib suggested that oral therapy could prove to be an effective treatment regarding active ankylosing spondylitis.
Find your sweet spots for generating winning opportunities in this market.
Covid-19 Impact on Ankylosing Spondylitis Market
Ankylosing Spondylitis infected patients need to be extra careful amidst Covid-19. If they, by any means, signal towards active respiratory infection, they should consult their medical practitioner before continuing with the medications as that infection could be Covid-19, which may ask for a combination of varied medications/precautions.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market Trends
The healthcare industry is moving towards extensive research with regards to ankylosing spondylitis, so as to continue with the geometric progression on the count of innovations.
For instance –
In Jul 2020, scientists at Rockefeller University inferred that newly discovered “PRIME cells” are capable of tamping down the inflammation caused due to rheumatoid arthritis. As such, one could foretell and treat rheumatoid arthritis flares. This discovery is bound to open doors to invention of biosimilars to treat this kind of spondylitis before it reaches the advanced stage.
In Jun 2020, Celltrion Healthcare received recommendation from CHMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use) for use of Remsima in ankylosing spondylitis.
In Oct 2019, SAA (Spondylitis Association of America) entered into partnership with PatientPoint for improving education regarding spondylitis and also extend support to rheumatology practices all over the US.
Get the data you need at a Fraction of the cost
Personalize your report by choosing insights you need and save 40%!
North America holds the largest share of ankylosing spondylitis treatment market due to feasible reimbursement scenario in the US coupled with massive approvals for biosimilars by the US FDA.
European ankylosing spondylitis treatment market is benefitting from governments investing in research regarding effective treatment for ankylosing spondylitis.
Asia Pacific is expected to witness a linear transition in the ankylosing spondylitis treatment market due to countries like India and China moving from indolence to awareness regarding ankylosing spondylitis treatment
Major Players in the Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market players have been devising biosimilars to combat ankylosing spondylitis.
Also, branded drugs’ patent expiry is opening doors for biosimilars. For instance – Remicade expired in 2015. This resulted in Inflectra getting introduced in 2016. The year 2017 witnessed introduction of Renflexis. Likewise, in 2019, Avsola got introduced.
The major players in the ankylosing spondylitis treatment market include:
Wyeth
Mitsubishi Tanabe
Schering-Plough
Takeda
Amgen
Centocor
Abbott
Eisai
Pfizer
Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market: The Way Forward
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market, as stated by FMI, is expected to witness a steady growth rate between 2020 and 2030.
The market players are working on war footing to devise medications for ankylosing spondylitis.
Inorganic growth parameters could also be pondered about. For instance – strategic partnerships across various geographies could help in reaching out to more number of patients
Key Segment
Drug Class
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Immunosuppressive Drugs
TNF Blockers
JAK Inhibitors
Steroids
Biologics
Others
Route of Administration
Parenteral
Oral
Application
Adults
Juveniles
Region
North America
Latin America
Europe
East Asia
South Asia
Oceania
Middle East and Africa
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Growth Outlook for Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market?
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market is likely to secure a CAGR of 4.6% through 2032.
By 2032, how much can the Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market Grow?
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market size is estimated to cross US$ 5.1409 Bn by 2032.
What is the Current Valuation of the Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market?
The ankylosing spondylitis treatment market is likely to record a value of US$ 8.06 Bn in 2022.
Which Region is likely to Lead the Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment Market?
North America is likely to lead the ankylosing spondylitis treatment market.
Table of Content
1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Market Outlook
1.2. Demand Side Trends
1.3. Supply Side Trends
1.4. Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations
3. Key Market Trends
3.1. Key Trends Impacting the Market
3.2. Product Innovation / Development Trends
4. Key Success Factors
4.1. Product Adoption / Usage Analysis
4.2. Product USPs / Features
4.3. Key Promotional Strategies
5. Global Market - Pricing Analysis
5.1. Regional Pricing Analysis By Drug Class
5.2. Pricing Break-up
5.2.1. Manufacturer Level Pricing
5.2.2. Distributor Level Pricing
5.3. Global Average Pricing Analysis Benchmark
6. Global Market Demand (in Value or Value in US$ Mn) Analysis 2015-2019and Forecast, 2020-2030
6.1. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2015-2019
6.2. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Projections, 2020-2030
6.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
6.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
7. Market Background
7.1. Macro-Economic Factors
7.1.1. Global GDP Growth Outlook
7.1.2. Increase In Spending per Capita Income
7.2. Forecast Factors - Relevance & Impact
7.2.1. Product Availability
7.2.2. Rising Number of Ankylosing Spondylitis Cases
7.2.3. Development of Products
7.2.4. Change in Lifestyle Pattern
7.3. Value Chain Analysis
7.4. Market Dynamics
7.4.1. Drivers
7.4.2. Restraints
7.4.3. Opportunity Analysis
7.5. COVID19 Crisis Analysis
7.5.1. Current COVID19 Statistics and Probable Future Impact
7.5.2. Current GDP Projection and Probable Impact
7.5.3. Current Economic Projection as compared to 2008 Economic analysis
7.5.4. COVID19 and Impact Analysis
7.5.4.1. Revenue By Drug Class
7.5.4.2. Revenue By Route of Administration
7.5.4.3. Revenue By Application
7.5.4.4. Revenue By Country
7.5.5. 2020 Market Scenario
7.5.6. Quarter by Quarter Forecast
7.5.7. Projected recovery Quarter
7.5.8. Recovery Scenario – Short term, Midterm and Long Term Impact
8. Global Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030, by Drug Class
8.1. Introduction / Key Findings
8.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Drug Class, 2015 - 2019
8.3. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Value Analysis and Forecast By Drug Class, 2020 - 2030
8.3.1. Disease-Modifying Anitrheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
8.3.2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
8.3.3. Biologics
8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Drug Class
9. Global Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030, by Route of Administration
9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
9.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Route of Administration , 2015 - 2019
9.3. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Value Analysis and Forecast By Route of Administration , 2020 - 2030
9.3.1. Oral
9.3.2. Parenteral
9.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Route of Administration
10. Global Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030, by Application
10.1. Introduction / Key Findings
10.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Value Analysis By Application, 2015 - 2019
10.3. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Value Analysis and Forecast By Application , 2020 - 2030
10.3.1. Juveniles
10.3.2. Adults
10.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
11. Global Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030, by Region
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Region, 2015 - 2019
11.3. Current Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2020 - 2030
11.3.1. North America
11.3.2. Latin America
11.3.3. Europe
11.3.4. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
11.3.5. East Asia
11.3.6. South Asia
11.3.7. Oceania
11.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
12. North America Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
12.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
12.3.1. By Country
12.3.1.1. U.S.
12.3.1.2. Canada
12.3.2. By Drug Class
12.3.3. By Route of Administration
12.3.4. By Application
12.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
12.4.1. By Drug Class
12.4.2. By Route of Administration
12.4.3. By Application
12.5. Market Trends
12.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
12.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
13. Latin America Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
13.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
13.3.1. By Country
13.3.1.1. Brazil
13.3.1.2. Mexico
13.3.1.3. Rest of Latin America
13.3.2. By Drug Class
13.3.3. By Route of Administration
13.3.4. By Application
13.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
13.4.1. By Country
13.4.2. By Drug Class
13.4.3. By Route of Administration
13.4.4. By Application
13.5. Market Trends
13.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
13.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
14. Europe Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
14.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
14.3.1. By Country
14.3.1.1. Germany
14.3.1.2. Italy
14.3.1.3. France
14.3.1.4. U.K.
14.3.1.5. Spain
14.3.1.6. BENELUX
14.3.1.7. Russia
14.3.1.8. Rest of Europe
14.3.2. By Drug Class
14.3.3. By Route of Administration
14.3.4. By Application
14.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
14.4.1. By Country
14.4.2. By Drug Class
14.4.3. By Route of Administration
14.4.4. By Application
14.5. Market Trends
14.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
14.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
15. South Asia Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
15.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
15.3.1. By Country
15.3.1.1. India
15.3.1.2. Thailand
15.3.1.3. Indonesia
15.3.1.4. Malaysia
15.3.1.5. Rest of South Asia
15.3.2. By Drug Class
15.3.3. By Route of Administration
15.3.4. By Application
15.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
15.4.1. By Country
15.4.2. By Drug Class
15.4.3. By Route of Administration
15.4.4. By Application
15.5. Market Trends
15.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
15.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
16. East Asia Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
16.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
16.3.1. By Country
16.3.1.1. China
16.3.1.2. Japan
16.3.1.3. South Korea
16.3.2. By Drug Class
16.3.3. By Route of Administration
16.3.4. By Application
16.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
16.4.1. By Country
16.4.2. By Drug Class
16.4.3. By Route of Administration
16.4.4. By Application
16.5. Market Trends
16.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
16.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
17. Oceania Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
17.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
17.3.1. By Country
17.3.1.1. Australia
17.3.1.2. New Zealand
17.3.2. By Drug Class
17.3.3. By Route of Administration
17.3.4. By Application
17.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
17.4.1. By Country
17.4.2. By Drug Class
17.4.3. By Route of Administration
17.4.4. By Application
17.5. Market Trends
17.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
17.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
18. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2015 - 2019
18.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2020 - 2030
18.3.1. By Country
18.3.1.1. GCC Countries
18.3.1.2. Turkey
18.3.1.3. Northern Africa
18.3.1.4. South Africa
18.3.1.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa
18.3.2. By Drug Class
18.3.3. By Route of Administration
18.3.4. By Application
18.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
18.4.1. By Country
18.4.2. By Drug Class
18.4.3. By Route of Administration
18.4.4. By Application
18.5. Market Trends
18.6. Key Market Participants - Intensity Mapping
18.7. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
19. Key and Emerging Countries Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2030
19.1. Introduction
19.1.1. Market Value Proportion Analysis, By Key Countries
19.1.2. Global Vs. Country Growth Comparison
19.2. U.S. Market Analysis
19.2.1. By Drug Class
19.2.2. By Route of Administration
19.2.3. By Application
19.3. Canada Market Analysis
19.3.1. By Drug Class
19.3.2. By Route of Administration
19.3.3. By Application
19.4. Mexico Market Analysis
19.4.1. By Drug Class
19.4.2. By Route of Administration
19.4.3. By Application
19.5. Brazil Market Analysis
19.5.1. By Drug Class
19.5.2. By Route of Administration
19.5.3. By Application
19.6. U.K. Market Analysis
19.6.1. By Drug Class
19.6.2. By Route of Administration
19.6.3. By Application
19.7. Germany Market Analysis
19.7.1. By Drug Class
19.7.2. By Route of Administration
19.7.3. By Application
19.8. France Market Analysis
19.8.1. By Drug Class
19.8.2. By Route of Administration
19.8.3. By Application
19.9. Italy Market Analysis
19.9.1. By Drug Class
19.9.2. By Route of Administration
19.9.3. By Application
19.10. Spain Market Analysis
19.10.1. By Drug Class
19.10.2. By Route of Administration
19.10.3. By Application
19.11. Russia Market Analysis
19.11.1. By Drug Class
19.11.2. By Route of Administration
19.11.3. By Application
19.12. China Market Analysis
19.12.1. By Drug Class
19.12.2. By Route of Administration
19.12.3. By Application
19.13. Japan Market Analysis
19.13.1. By Drug Class
19.13.2. By Route of Administration
19.13.3. By Application
19.14. South Korea Market Analysis
19.14.1. By Drug Class
19.14.2. By Route of Administration
19.14.3. By Application
19.15. India Market Analysis
19.15.1. By Drug Class
19.15.2. By Route of Administration
19.15.3. By Application
19.16. Australia Market Analysis
19.16.1. By Drug Class
19.16.2. By Route of Administration
19.16.3. By Application
19.17. New Zealand Market Analysis
19.17.1. By Drug Class
19.17.2. By Route of Administration
19.17.3. By Application
19.18. GCC Countries Market Analysis
19.18.1. By Drug Class
19.18.2. By Route of Administration
19.18.3. By Application
19.19. Turkey Market Analysis
19.19.1. By Drug Class
19.19.2. By Route of Administration
19.19.3. By Application
19.20. South Africa Market Analysis
19.20.1. By Drug Class
19.20.2. By Route of Administration
19.20.3. By Application
20. Market Structure Analysis
20.1. Market Analysis by Tier of Companies
20.2. Market Concentration
20.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
20.4. Market Presence Analysis
20.4.1. By Regional footprint of Players
20.4.2. Product foot print by Players
20.4.3. Channel Foot Print by Players
21. Competition Analysis
21.1. Competition Dashboard
21.2. Competition Benchmarking
21.3. Competition Deep Dive
21.3.1. AbbVie, Inc.
21.3.1.1. Overview
21.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.1.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.1.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.1.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.1.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.2. Amgen, Inc.
21.3.2.1. Overview
21.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.2.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.2.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.2.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.2.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.3. Pfizer, Inc.
21.3.3.1. Overview
21.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.3.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.3.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.3.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.3.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.4. Novartis AG
21.3.4.1. Overview
21.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.4.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.4.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.4.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.4.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.5. Eli Lilly and Company
21.3.5.1. Overview
21.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.5.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.5.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.5.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.5.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.6. UCB, Inc.
21.3.6.1. Overview
21.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.6.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.6.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.6.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.6.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.7. Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
21.3.7.1. Overview
21.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.7.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.7.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.7.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.7.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.8. Merck & Co., Inc.
21.3.8.1. Overview
21.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.8.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.8.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.8.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.8.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.9. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc
21.3.9.1. Overview
21.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.9.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.9.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.9.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.9.5.3. Channel Strategy
21.3.10. Sandoz International GmbH
21.3.10.1. Overview
21.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
21.3.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
21.3.10.4. Sales Footprint
21.3.10.5. Strategy Overview
21.3.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy
21.3.10.5.2. Product Strategy
21.3.10.5.3. Channel Strategy
22. Assumptions and Acronyms Used23. Research Methodology
