Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market : Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment, 2036

How big is Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market in 2026?

USD 954.7 million in 2026 and USD 2042.1 million by 2036 at a 7.9% CAGR

Demand for glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy is projected to expand at 7.9% CAGR from 2026 to 2036, increasing the valuation from USD 954.7 million in 2026 to USD 2042.1 million by 2036, supported by recurring array use and broader funded access after specialist initiation. NovoCure reported in October 2025 that 4,277 patients were actively using Optune Gio for glioblastoma at quarter end. The active base shows that revenue depends on sustained monthly treatment rather than a single equipment sale. The therapy therefore sits within the wider brain tumor treatment pathway but follows a distinct recurring-service model tied to wear time and patient support.

Country economics differ because the United States has a larger established treatment base whereas the UK remains more dependent on evidence review and funded access decisions. Germany combines national reimbursement with specialist neuro-oncology channels that support routine treatment initiation and structured follow-up across experienced centers. Each patient requires array placement planning, repeated consumable supply, usage monitoring, and technical support outside the hospital. The market is projected to create USD 1,087.4 million in incremental opportunity by 2036, attributable to higher treated-patient months rather than a simple rise in device placements. Investment decisions therefore need to consider diagnostic referral capacity through brain cancer diagnostics and the operational cost of maintaining treatment after discharge.

Summary of the Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market

Market Signal	Commercial Impact
Demand and Growth Drivers	Revenue expands through funded access and sustained treatment months rather than relying on one-time device placement alone. The market is projected to rise supported by wider reimbursement and recurring transducer array use across active treatment months. Specialist initiation converts clinical eligibility into commercial demand after coverage approval and patient onboarding establish a workable home-treatment pathway. Home-based treatment shifts commercial value toward technical support and practical scalp-care guidance throughout each treatment month. Continuous consumable supply sustains therapy after patients leave the prescribing hospital and begin prolonged use at home. The USD 1,087.4 million incremental opportunity depends on patient persistence throughout the prescribed treatment period. Early discontinuation reduces patient benefit and recurring revenue before the intended treatment months are completed.
Product and Segment View	The revenue mix reflects clinical timing, hardware access, recurring components, and the care setting that starts treatment. Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma is projected to account for 69.2% share in 2026, driven by maintenance-stage use with temozolomide. TTFields Systems are estimated to hold 32.5% share in 2026, supported by the portable generator and treatment setup. Between 2026 and 2036, Adult Patients are forecast to represent 62.9% share in 2026, attributable to the approved adult treatment pathway. From 2026 to 2036, Hospitals are projected to capture 39.1% share in 2026, aided by specialist prescribing and reimbursement documentation.
Geography and Growth Outlook	Country growth varies with reimbursement maturity, specialist referral networks, and the size of the existing treated population. Japan is forecast at 9.8% CAGR through 2036, supported by national reimbursement and a defined specialist treatment pathway. The UK is projected to advance at 9.2% CAGR by 2036, shaped by a lower routine-access base and active brain cancer research investment. Germany is estimated to record 8.8% CAGR during the forecast period, reinforced by national reimbursement and established prescribing centers. South Korea and the USA are projected at 8.0% CAGR and 6.2% CAGR over the forecast period, shaped by different access and installed-base conditions.
Competitive Landscape	Direct competition is concentrated as only limited companies hold direct commercial roles in the defined TTFields therapy market. Imaging and radiosurgery manufacturers support diagnosis and treatment planning without participating directly in TTFields therapy revenue. Radiation-therapy suppliers remain adjacent to the category and do not provide a TTFields substitute for glioblastoma treatment. Competitive comparison centers on TTFields technology ownership and reimbursement access across each active commercial territory. Patient support and regional commercialization capability determine how effectively each company converts treatment eligibility into recurring revenue.
Analyst Perspective	The central trade-off is measurable clinical value against a demanding treatment routine and high payer scrutiny. Long daily wear supports treatment exposure but places substantial practical responsibility on patients and caregivers throughout home treatment. Coverage approval can directly convert clinical recommendations into funded prescriptions across established specialist treatment pathways. Active treatment months determine whether approved access produces recurring revenue after the initial treatment decision. Commercial execution requires clear clinical evidence and trained centers that can manage treatment initiation responsibly. Reliable array supply and responsive patient support reduce avoidable interruptions throughout the prescribed treatment period. - Anurag Sharma, Principal Analyst at Future Market Insights

How is the glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy market segmented?

The market is segmented by Treatment Setting, Product Type, Patient Age Group, End User, and Region for the forecast period from 2026 to 2036.

The segmentation framework separates the clinical point of use from the physical components that generate recurring revenue. Treatment Setting distinguishes newly diagnosed and recurrent disease because the approved combinations and treatment sequence differ. Product Type separates the portable field generator from recurring arrays and other components that support monitored treatment delivery. Patient Age Group reflects the adult indication and the additional support needs seen in older populations. End User identifies the institution that evaluates eligibility and starts therapy before treatment continues at home. The final structure connects with the adjacent glioblastoma treatment drugs category without combining drug revenue with TTFields therapy revenue or overstating the role of adjacent oncology products.

How does Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma shape demand within the Treatment Setting category?

Newly diagnosed patients enter TTFields therapy after surgery and chemoradiation, which places the treatment inside a defined maintenance pathway. The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health reported in March 2024 that median overall survival in the EF-14 evidence was 20.9 months with Optune plus temozolomide versus 16.0 months with temozolomide alone. The result gives payers a direct clinical comparison and supports evaluation alongside the broader brain tumor drugs pathway.

• In 2026, newly diagnosed glioblastoma is projected to account for 69.2% share, supported by use after surgery and chemoradiation with maintenance temozolomide. Therapy starts in the maintenance stage before progression and can continue under specialist review throughout the clinically appropriate treatment period. Recurring treatment months remain available as long as clinical benefit and tolerance support ongoing use.
• Neuro-oncology teams draw demand toward Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma owing to a clearer treatment sequence and an established evidence base. The commercial implication is a longer addressable treatment period for each clinically eligible patient in maintenance care. Revenue begins after coverage approval and array planning establish a practical start date for home-based treatment. Device education and continued wear then determine how much value is realized outside the hospital.

What supports demand for Tumor Treating Fields Systems within the Product Type category?

The TTFields system combines a portable generator with transducer arrays, batteries, accessories, and support services rather than operating as a stand-alone capital device. Zai Lab reported in May 2025 that it held an exclusive Greater China license for TTFields products and identified more than 45,000 glioblastoma patients in China each year. The patient pool explains why system access must be paired with recurring component supply and local service capability. Usage tracking links the device to oncology information systems that support treatment records and clinical review across established cancer programs.

• By product category, tumor treating fields systems are estimated to hold 32.5% share in 2026, attributable to the generator and treatment setup required before recurring arrays can be used. The system anchors the therapy relationship even though consumables and support services continue to generate value after the initial patient onboarding stage.
• Specialist centers arrange access to TTFields Systems through one portable platform that coordinates field delivery and power supply. The same platform supports usage records and provides continuing technical service throughout each active treatment month. Commercial demand depends on service readiness because hardware availability alone cannot maintain treatment across repeated home-use months. A system without reliable array replenishment or patient training cannot sustain the treatment months that support the commercial model.

How do neuro-oncology teams evaluate Adult Patients within the Patient Age Group category?

Adult eligibility covers a broad clinical population with different functional status, caregiver resources, and tolerance for daily device management. Japan’s National Cancer Center reported in April 2025 that the average age shown for glioblastoma was 58.8 years. The figure places many patients near an age range in which dexterity, mobility, and caregiver support can affect array changes and treatment persistence. Age therefore changes the service burden even though the clinical decision remains based on individual fitness and treatment goals.

• In 2026, Adult Patients are forecast to represent 62.9% share, reinforced by the approved adult indication and the concentration of treated glioblastoma cases in working-age and older adults. The segment includes patients with very different support needs, so service planning must account for both independent device use and caregiver-assisted array management.
• Neuro-oncology specialists evaluate Adult Patients through performance status and treatment tolerance across the maintenance period. Home support and willingness to maintain prolonged daily wear complete the practical assessment before treatment begins. Demand rises when clear education makes the routine manageable and treatment monitoring remains understandable throughout prolonged home use. Poor fit between the device routine and a patient’s daily life can shorten active use even after clinical eligibility is confirmed.

What makes Hospitals central to the End User category?

Hospitals control the transition from surgery and chemoradiation into TTFields therapy because diagnosis, treatment planning, and reimbursement records originate within specialist services. NovoCure reported in October 2025 that 1,675 Optune Gio prescriptions were received during the third quarter. The volume shows how prescribing centers shape the commercial funnel before patients continue treatment at home. Coordination with radiation therapy software matters during treatment sequencing, even though TTFields revenue remains separate from radiotherapy systems.

• Hospitals are projected to capture 39.1% share in 2026, led by specialist control of treatment initiation and access documentation. Neurosurgical, radiation oncology, and medical oncology teams confirm eligibility and complete access documentation before home use begins. Hospital influence continues through review of device use, skin tolerance, imaging results, and treatment continuation.
• Hospitals draw demand through an established glioblastoma pathway that includes surgery, radiation, and specialist maintenance planning. Temozolomide and follow-up imaging remain part of the same clinical sequence throughout specialist monitoring and treatment review. Procurement decisions therefore consider device support and reimbursement administration alongside clinical evidence and daily treatment requirements. Institutions that create a clear handoff to home treatment can reduce delays between the maintenance decision and active use.

What are the drivers, restraints, and opportunities in the glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy market?

A 7.9% CAGR from 2026 to 2036 is supported by recurring treatment months; daily wear and payer economics constrain persistence; wider funded access creates a measured commercial opening.

• Driver: Funded access converts eligible patients into active treatment months, and recurring array use keeps revenue connected to continued therapy rather than a single device placement.
• Restraint: High treatment cost and the practical burden of prolonged daily wear can delay reimbursement or shorten active use after a prescription has been issued.
• Opportunity: New coverage pathways and stronger trial referral systems can widen access in countries that currently have limited routine use of TTFields therapy.

One factor supporting industry growth is the expansion of active treatment across countries with reimbursement pathways. NovoCure reported in April 2026 that 4,543 patients were actively using Optune Gio at quarter end, which was 9% more than one year earlier. The increase matters because each active patient requires recurring arrays, technical support, and usage monitoring. Commercial gains therefore depend on keeping eligible patients on therapy rather than increasing prescriptions without follow-through. The operating model has a closer link to image guided radiotherapy through treatment coordination than through shared product revenue.

A primary factor limiting growth is the persistent gap between documented clinical value and payer affordability thresholds. The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health reported in March 2024 that the submitted Optune fee was CAD 27,000 per month and the reviewed incremental cost-effectiveness ratio reached CAD 899,470 per quality-adjusted life-year. The assessment concluded that a 91% to 97% price reduction was needed at conventional thresholds. The market consequence is prolonged negotiation, restricted eligibility, or delayed coverage even where clinicians recognize a treatment role.

An emerging commercial opportunity is better research access in countries with limited routine TTFields use. The UK Department of Health and Social Care reported in January 2026 that brain cancer research had received a EUR 32.3 million funding boost since July 2024. The research funding does not guarantee adoption because TTFields requires a separate evidence, coverage, and service pathway. The additional funding can strengthen trial referral and local evidence generation across participating neuro-oncology centers. TTFields companies can use that environment to build credible service pathways before seeking broader funded access.

Which country CAGRs are profiled in the glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy market?

Country	CAGR
USA	6.2%
UK	9.2%
Germany	8.8%
Japan	9.8%
South Korea	8.0%

How do country-level CAGRs compare in the glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy market?

The comparison spans 3.6 percentage points and shows a pronounced separation below the main group. Japan and the UK form a compact upper pair despite notably different reimbursement maturity levels. Germany and South Korea occupy closely spaced middle positions supported by specialist neuro-oncology capability. The USA sits distinctly lower reflecting an established treated base that reduces launch-driven expansion opportunities.

• Japan combines national reimbursement with experienced hospitals that manage prolonged home treatment and caregiver support.
• UK growth reflects a lower routine-access base and research interest in non-drug glioblastoma treatment.
• Germany converts established reimbursement into recurring array demand across experienced prescribing centers and care teams.
• South Korea brings trial capability but still requires a formal funded pathway for routine treatment.
• The USA depends on referral conversion and treatment persistence rather than new national market access.

Comparable CAGRs create different commercial requirements because authorization and patient onboarding govern recurring treatment months. Suppliers must align array logistics and technical support with each country’s reimbursement process and care pathway. The full report provides country-level CAGR analysis across North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania and the Middle East and Africa.

• The United States has an established reimbursement and treatment-support network for Optune Gio, so expansion depends on reaching eligible patients who are not yet treated. By 2036, the USA is projected to grow at 6.2% CAGR, supported by a large active base and broad private and Medicare coverage. NovoCure reported in April 2026 that 2,250 US patients were actively using Optune Gio at quarter end. The figure shows commercial depth but points to a mature-market challenge: further gains require better referral conversion and sustained use rather than a new national launch. Cancer centers should evaluate patient support capacity alongside adjacent MRI guided neurosurgical ablation investment and existing neuro-oncology service requirements. The practical priority is reducing delays between maintenance eligibility and authorization so clinically appropriate patients can start treatment without avoidable interruption.
• The UK market is shaped by active brain cancer research and a cautious evidence pathway for routine treatment funding. The country outlook is anticipated to advance at 9.2% CAGR over the forecast period, attributable to a lower commercial base and stronger trial infrastructure. Cancer Research UK reported in March 2025 that only two new drugs, temozolomide and bevacizumab, had been licensed for glioblastoma between 2000 and 2023. The limited drug pipeline increases interest in non-drug treatment options, but it does not remove the need for cost and implementation review. NHS neuro-oncology services require comprehensive evidence that covers patient selection, daily use, and budget impact. Commercial progress therefore depends on a credible access case that connects clinical evidence with implementation cost and patient support requirements.
• Germany has an established Optune Gio reimbursement pathway and a measurable treated population within specialist neuro-oncology centers. Demand in Germany is forecast to rise at 8.8% CAGR by 2036, reinforced by national reimbursement and experienced prescribing teams. NovoCure reported in October 2025 that 595 German patients were actively using Optune Gio at the end of the third quarter. The active base supports regular demand for arrays and patient support, yet it raises expectations for reliable service and documented usage. German hospitals can compare treatment continuity across experienced centers and identify avoidable patient drop-off after therapy initiation and early array use. Supplier selection is therefore influenced by reimbursement execution, array availability, and responsive technical support rather than device specifications alone.
• Japan combines national reimbursement with a specialist care system that concentrates glioblastoma treatment in experienced hospitals. Adoption of TTFields therapy in Japan is estimated to expand at 9.8% CAGR during the forecast period, led by established access and a defined patient pool. The National Cancer Center Japan reported in April 2025 that glioblastoma represented 11.1% of the listed brain tumor frequency and corresponded to an estimated 2,217 patients. The estimate helps frame the ceiling for treated volume and the need for careful referral selection. Japanese centers must balance treatment benefit with daily device management and the caregiver involvement required during repeated array changes. Continued expansion depends on consistent education, follow-up, and array supply across the full treatment period.
• South Korea concentrates complex brain tumor care in specialist hospitals and participated in the global TRIDENT development program for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The South Korean sector is projected to record 8.0% CAGR through 2036, shaped by a smaller commercial base and the need for a formal access pathway. ClinicalTrials.gov listed three South Korean specialist sites for the 981-patient TRIDENT study in March 2026. The documented trial presence demonstrates local capability to evaluate TTFields within a controlled glioblastoma treatment protocol. Korean neuro-oncology centers still need local reimbursement criteria and service arrangements before routine commercial volume can scale. The main opportunity is converting trial experience into a funded pathway that supports patient onboarding and repeated array supply after treatment starts.

Who are the notable companies in the glioblastoma tumor treating fields therapy market?

NovoCure Limited and Zai Lab Limited hold direct commercial roles in glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields therapy.

The market has a competitive structure because NovoCure owns and commercializes the TTFields platform, whereas Zai Lab holds an exclusive Greater China license. Their roles are complementary because each company operates a different part of the commercialization pathway and geographic structure. NovoCure controls technology development and clinical evidence through a commercial organization that operates across established active markets. The same organization manages product supply and patient support through country-specific reimbursement and service infrastructure. Zai Lab provides regional development and commercialization capacity across mainland China and the other Greater China territories covered by its license. Adjacent oncology companies remain relevant to diagnosis and treatment planning, including the brain metastasis therapeutics ecosystem, but they do not offer a TTFields system for glioblastoma.

• NovoCure Limited combines TTFields technology ownership with direct responsibility for regulatory submissions and reimbursement strategy. The company manages supply and patient-support functions through commercial teams operating across established active markets. Control of the therapy pathway creates commercial leverage, although NovoCure carries the cost of clinical evidence and market access. Technical service and consumable availability remain continuing obligations throughout every active treatment relationship and country program.
• Zai Lab Limited commercializes Optune Gio under an exclusive Greater China license and provides local hospital access, reimbursement work, and regional support. The partnership extends TTFields reach without requiring NovoCure to reproduce a full commercial organization in each Greater China market, although performance remains linked to regional policy and provider adoption.

Competitive Benchmarking: Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market

Company	TTFields Technology Ownership	Glioblastoma Market Rights	Patient Access Infrastructure	Regional Market Access	Geographic Reach
NovoCure Limited	High	High	High	High	North America, Europe, Japan, Israel, and other active markets.
Zai Lab Limited	Low	High	High	High	Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Key Developments in the Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market

• January 2026, NovoCure Limited: Public health insurers in Czechia announced coverage for Optune Gio for adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The development widened funded access in Central Europe and created a new setting for recurring treatment revenue. Early execution requires trained centers and clear eligibility documentation before patients can enter a supported home-treatment pathway. Patient onboarding must be paired with reliable support for array changes and usage monitoring outside the hospital.
• February 2026, NovoCure Limited: British Columbia became the first Canadian province to cover TTFields therapy for eligible adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma through BC Cancer. The decision translated a national health technology assessment into a provincial access pathway for clinically eligible adults with newly diagnosed disease. Broader Canadian growth depends on whether other provinces adopt similar criteria and whether treatment services can support patients through repeated months of home use.

Key Players in the Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market

Direct TTFields System Developer

• NovoCure Limited

Licensed Greater China Commercialization Partner

• Zai Lab Limited

Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market - Report Scope

Coverage field	Report scope
Market breakdown	Treatment Setting, Product Type, Patient Age Group, End User, and Region.
Market Definition	The market covers revenue from Tumor Treating Fields systems, transducer arrays, accessories, consumables, monitoring software, and directly associated therapy support used for glioblastoma treatment.
Regions Covered	North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, and Middle East and Africa.
Countries Covered	USA, UK, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and 5+ countries within the regional model.
Key Companies Profiled	NovoCure Limited and Zai Lab Limited.
Forecast Period	2026 to 2036.
Approach	Hybrid bottom-up and top-down market sizing supported by primary interviews and official desk research.

Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market - Research Methodology

Method	Approach
Primary Research	FMI analysts gathered input from manufacturers, service providers, technology developers, distributors, end users, procurement teams, and subject-matter experts. Interviews examined purchasing decisions, product or service evaluation, adoption barriers, approval requirements, pricing considerations, and expectations for technical or commercial support. Respondents were also asked what evidence is required before a trial, pilot, or initial order develops into regular purchasing.
Desk Research	Desk research covered government statistics, regulatory publications, trade data, industry associations, technical literature, standards, company filings, product information, and official corporate announcements. Sources were reviewed for relevance, publication date, geographic coverage, and consistency with the defined market scope. Claims relating to performance, applications, approvals, capacity, investment, and commercial activity were retained only when supported by credible public evidence.
Market Sizing and Forecasting	The market model combined the baseline value with historical performance, segment structure, pricing and volume indicators, adoption levels, company participation, and country-level demand conditions. Forecast assumptions considered economic activity, investment trends, regulatory developments, technology adoption, purchasing cycles, supply availability, and barriers to wider market use. Segment and regional estimates were reconciled before the final market total was calculated.
Data Validation	Estimates were checked against multiple independent indicators, including public data, company activity, trade patterns, industry developments, and findings from primary interviews. Validation also tested whether products, services, applications, and company revenues fell within the defined market boundaries. Adjacent categories, unsupported claims, overlapping revenues, and activities without direct market relevance were excluded to reduce double counting and maintain consistency across segments and countries.

Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market by Segments

Treatment Setting

• Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
• Recurrent Glioblastoma

Product Type

• Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Systems
• Transducer Arrays
• Accessories and Consumables
• Monitoring Software

Patient Age Group

• Adult Patients
• Geriatric Patients

End User

• Hospitals
• Neuro-Oncology Centers
• Specialty Cancer Centers
• Academic and Research Institutes

Glioblastoma Tumor Treating Fields Therapy Market by Region:

• North America
  • USA
  • Canada
• Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • Argentina
• Western Europe
  • UK
  • Germany
  • France
  • Spain
  • Italy
• Eastern Europe
  • Czechia
  • Poland
  • Romania
• East Asia
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • China
• South Asia
  • India
  • Oceania
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
• Middle East and Africa
  • Israel
  • GCC Countries
  • South Africa
  • Türkiye

Research Sources and Bibliography

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. (March 2024). Optune (NovoTTF-200A): CADTH Health Technology Review, Report No. OP0554.
• ClinicalTrials.gov. (March 30, 2026). EF-32: Pivotal, Randomized, Open-Label Study of Optune (Tumor Treating Fields, 200 kHz) Concomitant With Radiation Therapy and Temozolomide for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma (NCT04471844).
• Cancer Research UK. (March 4, 2025). Accelerating the Search for New Glioblastoma Treatments.
• Department of Health and Social Care. (January 31, 2026). Greater Access to Breakthrough Trials for Rare Cancer Patients.
• National Cancer Center Japan. (April 23, 2025). Brain Tumors.
• NovoCure Limited. (October 30, 2025). Novocure Reports Third Quarter 2025 Financial Results.
• NovoCure Limited. (February 24, 2026). Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy to be Covered for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Through British Columbia Cancer (BC Cancer).
• NovoCure Limited. (February 26, 2026). Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025.
• NovoCure Limited. (April 30, 2026). Novocure Reports First Quarter 2026 Financial Results.
• NovoCure Limited. (June 18, 2026). Novocure Announces Topline Data from the Phase 3 TRIDENT Trial Evaluating Earlier Use of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma.
• Zai Lab Limited. (May 7, 2025). Annual Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2024.

All cited sources are primary non-commercial government, regulatory, academic, trade, or official corporate publications that directly support the article.

This Report Answers

• How does the market progress from 2026 to 2036?
• Why does Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma account for 69.2% of Treatment Setting revenue in 2026?
• How do TTFields systems and recurring arrays create different revenue streams?
• Why do Adult Patients represent 62.9% of Patient Age Group revenue in 2026?
• How do hospitals influence treatment initiation and reimbursement before home use begins?
• Why do the five profiled country CAGRs differ despite a shared clinical product?
• How should direct TTFields companies be separated from adjacent neuro-oncology equipment suppliers?
• Which cost and treatment-burden factors can reduce active patient months?
• What commercial conditions support wider funded access across new countries?