The global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is anticipated to reach a valuation of USD 494.1 Million in 2022. The global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is expected to witness a steady growth rate at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2022 to 2032. It is expected to top a valuation of USD 957.2 Million by the end of 2032.
Surging demand for intermediates for the production of medicinal drugs and other pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as the increasing need for raw materials and intermediates for the production of various organic chemicals, is boosting sales of heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds across the globe.
With the regular use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, there has been a substantial decrease in terms of the quality of soil worldwide. As a result, in order to meet the increasing demand for sustainable methods of agriculture by decreasing hazard generation and carbon emission, the demand for organic fertilizers is surging at a fast pace. Key agrochemical manufacturers are creating a high demand for heterocyclic organic and fluoro organic compounds for the production of sustainable agrochemicals such as urea and nitric acid.
Also, increasing use of heterocyclic organic and fluoro organic compounds in pharmaceutical applications such as anticancer agents, antituberculosis drugs, analgesics, hypnotics, antimalarials, antibacterial agents, and insecticides is expected to drive the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market in the next ten years.
The global population was estimated to be around 7.8 billion in 2020 and it is further expected to reach around 9.74 billion in 2050. The percentage change in population was 1.05% from 2019 to 2020. This high population growth has fueled food consumption, and the use of agrochemicals has become necessary to meet the high demand for food all over the world, as they play an important role in surging yield for crop production by preventing pests and weeds, along with fertilizing the soil. These factors are resulting in a significant hike in the production of agrochemicals like insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and others across the globe.
Agrochemical is one of the key applications of heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds which currently occupy a considerable share of the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market. Further, rising concerns about green agrochemicals have boosted the demand for heterocyclic compounds in the agrochemical industry. Heterocyclic compounds have a key role to play in the development of pesticides due to their good selectivity, low dosage, high activity, and specificity in physiological & biological properties.
Over the past few years, numerous green pesticides containing heterocyclic structures such as fluazifop, flunixin, fluazinam, fluopyram, flunisolide, and flumethrin have been developed and are currently under the process of development. Hence, these factors are expected to create considerable growth opportunities for key players present in the heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market during the forecast period.
Attributes | Key Insights |
---|---|
Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Estimated Size (2022E) | USD 494.1 Million |
Projected Market Valuation (2032F) | USD 957.2 Million |
Value to based CAGR (2022 to 2032) | 6.8% |
Collective Value Share: Top 3 Countries (2022E) | 45.8% |
The global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market witnessed a CAGR of 3.6% during the historical period of 2017 and 2021. Significant expansion of various end-use industries such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and chemicals, as well as the rising medicinal and biological significance of these compounds, led to an increased demand for heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds over the historical period.
However, as per the current survey conducted by FMI, the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is anticipated to exhibit growth at a CAGR of around 6.8% in the period of 2022 to 2032. Heterocyclic compounds, also known as heterocycles, refer to a class of organic compounds having at least one hetero atom (i.e. atom other than carbon) in the cyclic ring system.
The most common heteroatoms in a cyclic ring are oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S). Nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds are expected to dominate among the other types of heterocyclic compounds owing to their pharmacological and physiological properties. For instance, more than 75% of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that are currently available in the market contain nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties.
Increasing Use as Herbicides and Urinary Antiseptics by Healthcare Companies to Drive Sales
The majority of the molecules that mankind recognizes as drugs, vitamins, and various other natural products are heterocycles. As a result, a significant percentage of chemical research is focused on heterocyclic chemistry. Due to their therapeutic properties, they might be employed to treat infectious diseases. Numerous heterocyclic substances created in laboratories have been used successfully as medicinal drugs across the globe.
Besides, several pharmacologically active heterocyclic substances are employed to treat a wide range of common illnesses as antimicrobials, herbicides, urinary antiseptics, and anti-inflammatory medications. Also, numerous heterocycles have antitumor, anti-HIV, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-diabetic properties.
Medicinal chemistry is witnessing an increasing number of novel heterocyclic moieties with significant physiological and promising applications. It is anticipated that the aforementioned factors are projected to push the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market in the next ten years.
Shift of Production Facilities to China by American Companies will Spur Sales of Heterocyclic Compounds
The East Asia region is expected to be one of the key consumers and producers in the heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market. The region is expected to account for nearly 30%-35% of the global market share and is expected to create an absolute dollar opportunity of USD 149.7 million during the forecast period.
In East Asia, China is expected to be one of the prominent countries in terms of consumption of heterocyclic and fluoro-organic compounds owing to the significant development of end-use industries such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and paints & coatings. Various European and American key chemical and pharmaceutical players have shifted their production facilities to the country backed by stringent environmental regulations in American and European countries, which have also positively impacted growth in the heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market in China.
Rising Pharmaceutical Exports from India to Propel the Demand for Novel Heterocyclic Compounds.
India is expected to remain one of the prominent consumers of heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds globally owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry. The country is expected to account for nearly 15% of the share in the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market during the forecast period. India holds the leading position in global generic drug exports, while the Indian pharmaceutical export reached more than USD 23.1 Billion in 2021.
The government of India offers a policy to support the pharmaceutical industry and has a novel vision to push the country as a pharma leader in the manufacturing of drugs & medicines. Heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds, as well as other easily available compounds, are majorly consumed in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of drugs and medicines.
The growth of the pharmaceutical industry and an increasing number of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) units in India are expected to propel the demand for heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds. Thus, the India heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is expected to witness significant growth at a CAGR of 8.0% during the forecast period, finds FMI.
Use of Aromatic Heterocycles to Surge among Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemical Companies
Based on application, the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is categorized into agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotech, paints, polymers, electronics, and x-ray films. Amongst these, the pharmaceuticals segment is expected to remain at the forefront in the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market. As per FMI, the segment is expected to witness a significant growth rate at a CAGR of 8.1% over the forecast period.
Agrochemical, on the other hand, is anticipated to be one of the fastest-growing applications of heterocyclic and fluoro-organic compounds during the forecast period, followed by pharmaceuticals. High demand for agrochemicals and increasing consumption of these compounds in the development of pesticides are expected to drive the need for heterocyclic and fluoro-organic compounds in the agrochemicals sector.
Key players in the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market are investing in research & development (R&D) activities for the creation of innovative products with enhanced features. A few other companies are aiming to introduce sustainable products to minimize their carbon footprint.
Meanwhile, some of the other companies are also focusing on capacity expansions and geographical expansions in emerging economies to bolster their stronghold in the heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market. Leading players are focusing on the acquisition of other local players to increase their consumer base.
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Attribute | Details |
---|---|
Estimated Market Size (2022) | USD 494.1 Million |
Projected Market Valuation (2032) | USD 957.2 Million |
Value-based CAGR (2022 to 2032) | 6.8% |
Forecast Period | 2022 to 2032 |
Historical Data Available for | 2017 to 2021 |
Market Analysis | Value (USD Million) and Volume (Tons) |
Key Countries Covered | USA, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Germany, Italy, France, UK, Spain, BENELUX, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, ASEAN, ANZ, GCC Countries, Turkey, Northern Africa, South Africa |
Key Segments Covered | Product Type, Application, and Region |
Key Companies Profiled |
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd; Biosynth Carbosynth; Central Glass Co., Ltd.; Toronto Research Chemicals Inc.; Galen Ltd.; Glentham Life Sciences Limited; SynQuest Laboratories, Inc.; SAGAR Life Sciences Private Limited; Manus Aktteva Biopharma LLP; SimSon Pharma Limited; Life Chem Pharma Pvt. Ltd.; Sonal Plasrub Industries Pvt. Ltd.; Survival Technologies Ltd.; Others |
Report Coverage | Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives |
Table 01: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2016 to 2032
Table 02: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 03: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By End-Use Industry, 2017 to 2032
Table 04: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Region, 2017 to 2032
Table 05: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 06: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2016 to 2032
Table 07: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 08: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 09: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2016 to 2032
Table 10: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 11: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 12: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2016 to 2032
Table 13: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 14: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 15: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2017 to 2032
Table 16: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 17: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 18: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2017 to 2032
Table 19: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Table 20: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Country, 2017 to 2032
Table 21: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2017 to 2032
Table 22: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size (US$ Million) and Volume (Tons) Forecast by Region, 2017 to 2032
Table 23: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Product Type, 2017 to 2032
Table 24: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Size Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Application, 2017 to 2032
Figure 01: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds) Market Historical Volume (Tons), 2017 to 2022
Figure 02: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Current and Forecast Volume (Tons), 2022 to 2032
Figure 03: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Historical Value (US$ Mn), 2017 to 2021
Figure 04: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Current and Forecast Value (US$ Mn), 2022 to 2032
Figure 05: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Incremental $ Opportunity (US$ Mn), 2022 to 2032
Figure 06: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 07: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 08: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 09: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 10: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 11: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 12: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 13: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 14: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 15: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by North America Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 16: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by Latin America Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 17: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by Europe Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 18: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by East Asia Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 19: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by SAPeI Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 20: Global Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Absolute $ Opportunity by Segment, 2017 to 2032
Figure 21: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 22: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 23: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 24: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 25: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 26: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 27: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 28: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 29: North America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 30: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 31: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 32: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 33: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 34: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 35: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 36: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 37: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 38: Latin America Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 39: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country– 2022 to 2032
Figure 40: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 41: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 42: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 43: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 44: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 45: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 46: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 47: Europe Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 48: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 49: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 50: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2020-2030
Figure 51: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 52: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 53: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 54: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 55: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 56: East Asia Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 57: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 58: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 59: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 60: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 61: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 62: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 63: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 64: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 65: SAPeI Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 66: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 67: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 68: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Country, 2022 to 2032
Figure 69: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 70: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 71: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 72: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 73: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 74: MEA Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 75: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis by Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 76: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 77: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis by Region, 2022 to 2032
Figure 78: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 79: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 80: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type, 2022 to 2032
Figure 81: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Share and BPS Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 82: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Y-o-Y Growth Projections By Application, 2022 to 2032
Figure 83: India Heterocyclic and Fluoro Organic Compounds Attractiveness Analysis By Application, 2022 to 2032
The global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market is estimated to reach a valuation of USD 494.1 Million in 2022.
The global heterocyclic and flouro organic compounds market is anticipated to witness a CAGR of 6.8% over the forecast period of 2022 and 2032 in terms of value.
Pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals are the key applications of heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds. Together, these applications occupy about 80%-85% of the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market share.
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Biosynth Carbosynth, Central Glass Co., Ltd., Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Glentham Life Sciences Limited, SynQuest Laboratories, Inc., SAGAR Life Sciences Private Limited, and Manus Aktteva are identified as the key manufacturers in the heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market.
Top countries driving the global heterocyclic and fluoro organic compounds market are the USA , Germany, China, and India.
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