Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market size, market forecast and outlook by FMI

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market was valued at USD 1.20 billion in 2025, projected to reach USD 1.26 billion in 2026, and is forecast to expand to USD 2.10 billion by 2036 at a 5.20% CAGR. Based on Future Market Insights analysis, the market is set to add an incremental opportunity worth USD 0.83 billion over the forecast period. As per FMI, the procurement landscape for superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel is being reshaped by evolving specification requirements, regional capacity investments, and shifting end-use demand patterns across established and emerging buyer segments.

Three structural shifts are reconfiguring procurement patterns in the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market. First, aerospace OEMs are increasing the proportion of difficult-to-machine superalloy and ceramic matrix composite content in next-generation engine programs, directly expanding the consumption rate of electroplated CBN and diamond wheels per engine produced. Second, the medical device sector is migrating from manual finishing to automated CNC grinding with electroplated wheels, improving process repeatability and enabling tighter dimensional specifications required by updated FDA and EU MDR quality system standards. Third, the semiconductor and electronics packaging sectors are adopting electroplated diamond wheels for wafer thinning and substrate dicing applications where kerf loss reduction directly improves material yield economics.

Across tracked geographies, China sets the pace at 7.00% CAGR. India follows at 6.50%. Germany follows at 6.00%. Brazil follows at 5.50%. USA follows at 4.90%. UK follows at 4.40%. Japan follows at 3.90%.

Summary of Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market

• Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market definition
  • Superabrasive electroplated grinding wheels are precision machining tools manufactured by bonding a single layer of diamond or cubic boron nitride abrasive particles onto a steel or aluminum hub through nickel electroplating, used for high-precision grinding, profiling, and finishing of hard and brittle materials in aerospace, automotive, medical device, and industrial manufacturing.
• Demand drivers in the market
  • Aerospace engine manufacturers require electroplated CBN wheels for creep-feed grinding of nickel-based superalloy turbine components where dimensional tolerances and surface finish specifications exceed the capability of conventional abrasive systems.
  • Medical device manufacturers are specifying electroplated diamond wheels for grinding surgical implant components from cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, where burr-free surface finish is a regulatory compliance requirement.
  • Automotive electrification is expanding demand for precision grinding of electric motor components, battery housing features, and power electronics substrates using electroplated diamond tools that maintain profile accuracy across high-volume production runs.
• Key segments analyzed in the FMI report
  • Diamond Electroplated Wheels classification: 45.0% share in 2026, reflecting established procurement specifications and supply chain infrastructure favoring this variant.
  • Aerospace application: 20.0% share in 2026, driven by end-use requirements in the primary application channels.
  • China: 7.00% compound growth, supported by domestic capacity expansion and rising consumption.
• Analyst opinion at FMI
  • The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is structurally linked to the machining intensity of high-value manufactured components. As aerospace, medical, and electronics sectors increase the proportion of hard-to-machine materials in their product architectures, per-unit abrasive tool consumption rises faster than unit production volumes. The competitive moat in this market belongs to manufacturers that control diamond and CBN grit sourcing alongside proprietary electroplating process parameters, because wheel performance consistency depends on plating uniformity that cannot be replicated through generic toll-plating services.
• Strategic implications / executive takeaways
  • Aerospace Tier 1 suppliers should negotiate framework agreements with electroplated wheel manufacturers that guarantee capacity allocation for new engine program ramp-ups where superalloy grinding volumes will spike within 18 to 24 months.
  • Medical device grinding operations must validate electroplated wheel specifications against updated EU MDR and FDA process validation requirements before production transfers to automated CNC platforms.
  • Procurement directors in electronics manufacturing should evaluate total cost of ownership including kerf loss and wheel life when comparing electroplated diamond tools against alternative dicing technologies for high-value substrate applications.

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market key takeaways

Metric	Details
Industry Size (2026)	USD 1.26 billion
Industry Value (2036)	USD 2.10 billion
CAGR (2026 to 2036)	5.20%

Source: Future Market Insights, 2026

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market definition

Superabrasive electroplated grinding wheels represent a category of fixed-abrasive machining tools where diamond or CBN grit is permanently attached to a metal core through electrodeposited nickel bonding. The single-layer abrasive configuration exposes maximum grain protrusion, enabling aggressive material removal rates and complex profile grinding on hardened steels, ceramics, composites, and cemented carbides.

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market inclusions

Market scope includes all commercially traded superabrasive electroplated grinding wheels segmented by classification (diamond electroplated wheels, CBN electroplated wheels) and application (aerospace, automotive, medical devices, electronics, industrial). Revenue sizing spans the 2026 to 2036 forecast period with regional and country-level assessments.

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market exclusions

The scope excludes vitrified-bond and resin-bond superabrasive wheels, conventional aluminum oxide and silicon carbide grinding wheels, loose abrasive lapping compounds, and superabrasive cutting tools such as inserts and end mills. Electroplated tools for non-grinding operations (honing, polishing) are outside the defined boundary.

Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market research methodology

• Primary research: FMI analysts conducted interviews with procurement directors, engineering leads, and supply chain managers across key superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel manufacturing and end-use organizations to map decision gates and sourcing specifications.
• Desk research: Data collection phases aggregated regulatory filings, trade association publications, standards body documentation, and company annual reports to establish verifiable baseline parameters.
• Market sizing and forecasting: Baseline values derive from a bottom-up aggregation of superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel transaction volumes, applying region-specific adoption curves and pricing indices to project forward demand through 2036.
• Data validation and update cycle: Projections are tested against publicly reported procurement volumes, trade flow statistics, and company financial disclosures on a quarterly refresh schedule.

What is driving the growth of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is growing due to the increasing demand for high-performance grinding solutions across a wide range of industries, including aerospace, optical glass, medical devices, and semiconductors. These grinding wheels, made primarily from diamond or CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride), offer superior cutting capabilities, high precision, and long service life, making them essential for applications that require fine grinding and polishing of hard materials. Industries like aerospace and semiconductors have particularly high demand for these products, as they require extremely precise, durable, and reliable grinding tools. Additionally, as technological advancements continue in manufacturing and precision engineering, the demand for these grinding wheels, which can withstand high levels of heat and pressure, is expanding. Emerging economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific regions like China and India, are experiencing industrial growth, which is increasing the demand for advanced grinding solutions. The 5.2% CAGR of the market reflects this trend, with automated and high-efficiency manufacturing processes further driving demand for electroplated grinding wheels. As industries continue to focus on precision, efficiency, and quality control, superabrasive grinding wheels will remain critical in various manufacturing sectors.

What are the key segments of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is segmented by classification and application, reflecting the varied technical requirements across industries and geographies. By classification, the market is divided into diamond electroplated wheels, CBN electroplated wheels, and other types, with diamond electroplated wheels holding the leading share of approximately 45 %.

By application, the market covers sectors like aerospace, optical glass, medical devices, semiconductors, 3C (consumer electronics), and others, among which the aerospace application carries around 20 % share. Growth in Asia Pacific (notably China and India) is particularly strong, while mature markets in Europe (Germany) and North America (USA) drive replacement demand and high precision manufacturing.

Why is the diamond electroplated wheel segment leading the market?

The diamond electroplated wheel segment dominates the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market, capturing around 45 % of total share. This leadership is due to the exceptional hardness and abrasive performance of diamond coatings, making these wheels ideal for high precision and high demand applications across sectors such as aerospace, optical glass, and medical devices. Diamond electroplated wheels are able to grind hard, brittle, and composite materials with minimal heat damage, superior surface finish, and long service life.

In aerospace manufacturing, where components like titanium alloys, composite frames, and ceramic matrix parts require tight tolerances and high reliability, diamond electroplated grinding wheels enable manufacturers to meet stringent regulatory and performance standards. In optical glass and semiconductor manufacturing, the need for ultra fine finishing and minimal defects further drives use of diamond wheels. Additionally, the growing manufacturing base in Asia Pacific means volume demand for such high performance tools is rising rapidly. Given these factors, the diamond electroplated wheel classification remains the preferred choice for manufacturers seeking efficiency, durability, and precision.

Why is the aerospace sector leading the application market?

The aerospace application segment commands approximately 20 % of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market, making it the largest usage category. Aerospace manufacturing demands high precision grinding of materials such as titanium, nickel based superalloys, composite materials, and hardened ceramics, all of which require superabrasive tools with exceptional durability and accuracy. Diamond electroplated grinding wheels are heavily used in the production of aircraft structural components, engine turbine blades, landing gear parts, and other mission critical systems, where surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and component longevity are vital.

The global expansion of aviation, increasing demand for lightweight materials, and the rise of next generation engines with tougher materials further accelerate the need for advanced grinding solutions. Regions such as North America and Europe continue to lead in aerospace innovations, while Asia Pacific is rapidly ramping up production, driving the volume for superabrasive grinding wheels. As aerospace manufacturing becomes more automated and cost efficient, demand for electroplated grinding wheels tailored to these tough materials will persist, cementing the aerospace application as the largest segment in this market.

What are the drivers, restraints, and key trends of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is experiencing growth driven by the increasing demand for high-precision grinding solutions across key industries such as aerospace, optical glass, medical devices, and semiconductors. The ability of diamond electroplated wheels to cut hard and brittle materials with superior surface finishes and longer tool life is a major advantage. The rising focus on manufacturing efficiency, automated systems, and high-performance tools further contributes to the market’s growth. Strong industrial expansion in regions like Asia-Pacific (China and India) and advancements in precision engineering are also key growth drivers.

What are the key drivers of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

Key drivers for the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market include the increasing demand for precision manufacturing in industries such as aerospace, optical glass, and medical devices. As these industries continue to push for higher-quality parts, there is a growing need for grinding wheels capable of processing tough, hard materials efficiently. Additionally, technological advancements in superabrasive materials and the rise of automated production systems are making these grinding wheels more accessible and cost-effective. The global trend toward industrial automation, sustainability, and energy-efficient manufacturing processes also contributes to the adoption of high-performance grinding wheels.

What are the key restraints in the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

Despite the strong growth, the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market faces several challenges. High production costs and the expensive nature of diamond and CBN abrasives make it difficult for some smaller manufacturers or price-sensitive industries to adopt these solutions. Moreover, the complexity of maintenance and the need for skilled labor to handle and operate these machines can pose barriers, especially in developing regions with limited expertise. The market is also challenged by competition from alternative grinding technologies and abrasive wheels, which are perceived as more affordable in certain applications.

What are the key trends in the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

Key trends in the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market include the increasing adoption of smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 technologies, which are enabling real-time monitoring and optimization of grinding processes. There is also a growing emphasis on sustainable manufacturing practices, pushing for eco-friendly abrasive materials and energy-efficient solutions. Additionally, the market is seeing a rise in the demand for customized grinding solutions tailored to specific industrial applications, such as medical devices and semiconductor manufacturing, where high precision and unique material requirements are essential.

What Are the Growth Trends in the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market Across Different Countries?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is witnessing diverse growth trends across countries, with key industrial sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing, contributing to its expansion. The demand for these high-performance grinding wheels, known for their durability and precision, is increasing as industries seek advanced solutions for cutting and grinding applications.

Countries like China and India are leading the market growth due to their rapidly expanding manufacturing sectors, while developed nations such as Germany and the USA also show steady growth driven by technological advancements and industrial upgrades. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market varies across regions, reflecting differing industrial needs, technological investments, and economic conditions. This analysis highlights key growth drivers in each region and how they shape the market's future.

Country	CAGR (2026 - 2036)
China	7%
India	6.5%
Germany	6%
Brazil	5.5%
USA	4.9%
United Kingdom	4.4%
Japan	3.9%

What Is Driving the Growth of the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market in China?

China is leading the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market with a robust CAGR of 7.0%. The country’s rapid industrial growth, particularly in manufacturing, automotive, and electronics, is a significant factor driving the demand for advanced grinding solutions. As China continues to expand its manufacturing capabilities, the need for high-precision tools, such as superabrasive grinding wheels, is increasing. These wheels are essential for achieving fine finishes and precision cuts, which are crucial in industries like automotive, aerospace, and semiconductor manufacturing.

Additionally, China’s growing focus on technology and innovation is driving investments in high-performance grinding tools. With a strong focus on enhancing production efficiency and product quality, the demand for superabrasive grinding wheels is expected to remain strong. The country’s emphasis on industrial automation and advanced manufacturing technologies will further fuel market growth, positioning China as the dominant player in this market.

How Is India’s Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market Evolving?

India is experiencing significant growth in the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market, with a CAGR of 6.5%. The country’s expanding manufacturing sector, particularly in automotive, machinery, and metalworking, is fueling the demand for advanced grinding solutions. As India becomes a global hub for manufacturing, industries are increasingly seeking precision tools that offer higher efficiency and better finishes. Superabrasive grinding wheels, known for their durability and precision, are meeting this demand in various industries.

India's focus on industrial development, coupled with rising automation and digitization in manufacturing processes, is driving the adoption of advanced grinding technologies. The automotive industry, in particular, is one of the primary drivers, with increasing demand for high-precision components. As the country modernizes its manufacturing capabilities, the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is expected to grow at a rapid pace.

What Is the Growth Outlook for the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market in Germany?

Germany’s superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.0%. As one of Europe’s largest manufacturing and industrial hubs, Germany continues to lead in sectors like automotive, aerospace, and precision engineering, all of which demand high-performance grinding tools. The demand for superabrasive grinding wheels is driven by their ability to provide precise cuts and finishes, which are critical in industries requiring high accuracy.

Germany's strong emphasis on advanced manufacturing technologies, such as Industry 4.0, is contributing to the growth of the market. The integration of automation, digital tools, and smart factories in the country is pushing the demand for tools that offer both precision and efficiency. The ongoing modernization of Germany's manufacturing sector, combined with its focus on high-quality, precision-based industries, will continue to drive the growth of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market.

What Are the Key Drivers for Brazil’s Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market?

Brazil’s superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is experiencing steady growth, with a CAGR of 5.5%. The demand for these high-performance grinding wheels is largely driven by Brazil’s expanding industrial base, particularly in the automotive, machinery, and metalworking sectors. As Brazil continues to invest in manufacturing and infrastructure development, industries are seeking advanced grinding solutions to meet rising demands for precision and efficiency.

Brazil’s efforts to improve its industrial productivity and compete on the global stage are also pushing the adoption of superabrasive grinding wheels. Additionally, the country’s automotive industry, a significant contributor to manufacturing growth, continues to demand high-precision tools for production. With Brazil focusing on modernizing its manufacturing technologies and increasing export capacity, the superabrasive grinding wheel market is poised for steady growth in the coming years.

What Is the Market Outlook for the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market in the USA?

The United States has a projected CAGR of 4.9% for the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market. As one of the leaders in industrial automation and high-precision manufacturing, the USA continues to drive demand for advanced grinding solutions. The need for superabrasive grinding wheels is particularly strong in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical devices, where high-quality finishes and precision are critical.

The U.S. market is also witnessing a shift towards automation and digitalization in manufacturing, pushing the demand for more efficient and accurate grinding technologies. As industries increasingly embrace advanced manufacturing processes and technologies, the demand for superabrasive grinding wheels is expected to grow steadily. The country’s established industrial base and focus on high-precision engineering ensure that the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market remains strong.

What Are the Growth Prospects for the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market in the UK?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market in the United Kingdom is growing at a CAGR of 4.4%. The UK’s well-established manufacturing and automotive sectors, combined with a focus on advanced engineering and precision manufacturing, continue to drive the demand for high-performance grinding wheels. The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheels are essential in achieving fine finishes and precision cuts in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical device manufacturing.

The UK’s commitment to embracing Industry 4.0 technologies, such as automation and digital tools in manufacturing, further supports the growth of the superabrasive grinding wheel market. As the demand for precision tools and high-quality finishes increases across industries, the market for these grinding wheels is expected to experience steady growth. The UK’s growing focus on innovation in manufacturing and automation technologies will continue to drive the adoption of advanced grinding tools.

How Is Japan’s Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market Evolving?

Japan’s superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.9%. The country’s advanced manufacturing sector, especially in automotive and electronics, is a major driver of demand for high-precision grinding solutions. Japan’s focus on quality, innovation, and efficiency in manufacturing makes the need for superabrasive grinding wheels increasingly important as industries require precision cutting and finishing solutions.

The growth in Japan’s superabrasive grinding wheel market is supported by the country’s continued emphasis on automation and digital technologies in manufacturing. Although Japan’s market growth is slower compared to some emerging economies, its sophisticated manufacturing environment ensures a steady demand for high-performance grinding wheels. As Japan continues to lead in precision engineering and automotive manufacturing, the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is expected to maintain stable growth.

What is the competitive landscape of the superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market?

The superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel market is highly competitive, with a few key players dominating the industry, including Eagle, Engis Corporation, and JTEKT. Eagle holds a substantial market share of around 14%, owing to its advanced grinding solutions and diverse product portfolio, catering to industries like aerospace, optical glass, and medical devices. Other significant players such as Saint-Gobain Norton, Asahi Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd., and Mirka Ltd also maintain strong positions through continuous innovation, technological advancements, and an extensive global reach.

These companies focus on producing high-quality, precise grinding wheels that offer superior performance in high-demand applications, including those requiring hard material grinding. Additionally, these industry leaders are expanding their research and development (R&D) capabilities, enabling them to meet the ever-evolving needs of industries seeking customized, efficient solutions. Companies are also investing in sustainability by developing eco-friendly grinding materials, further enhancing their competitive edge in a market that values both performance and environmental responsibility.

Smaller regional players such as FSK and Henan More Super Hard Products Co., Ltd continue to carve out a niche by offering cost-effective solutions and specialized products to serve local markets. These players often focus on affordable pricing and customization, allowing them to compete in price-sensitive markets. The increasing demand for precision grinding tools in emerging industries is also benefiting regional manufacturers, especially in Asia-Pacific, where China and India are expanding their manufacturing capacities. As innovation in superabrasive materials continues and demand grows across industries like semiconductors and aerospace, the competitive landscape will evolve, with both global and regional players vying for a share of this expanding market.

Key Players of the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market

• Eagle
• Engis Corporation
• JTEKT
• Continental Diamond
• Asahi Diamond Industrial Co.,Ltd
• Saint-Gobain Norton
• EHWA DIAMOND
• A.L.M.T.Corp
• Muzzi
• Mirka Ltd
• KURE GRINDING WHEEL CO.,LTD
• DIPROTEX S.A.S
• FSK
• Xiamen Chiaping Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd.
• Suzhou Sail Science & Technology Co., Ltd
• Fu hang superhard material co., Itd
• Henan More Super Hard Products Co.,Ltd

Scope of the report

Metric	Value
Quantitative Units	USD 1.26 billion to USD 2.10 billion, at a CAGR of 5.20%
Market Definition	Superabrasive electroplated grinding wheels are precision machining tools manufactured by bonding a single layer of diamond or cubic boron nitride abrasive particles onto a steel or aluminum hub through nickel electroplating, used for high-precision grinding, profiling, and finishing of hard and brittle materials in aerospace, automotive, medical device, and industrial manufacturing.
Segmentation	Classification (Diamond Electroplated Wheels), Application (Aerospace)
Regions Covered	North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East and Africa
Countries Covered	India, China, USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Japan, and 40 plus countries
Key Companies Profiled	Eagle, Engis Corporation, JTEKT, Continental Diamond, Asahi Diamond Industrial Co.,Ltd, Saint-Gobain Norton, EHWA DIAMOND, A.L.M.T.Corp, Muzzi, Mirka Ltd
Forecast Period	2026 to 2036
Approach	Forecasting models apply a hybrid bottom-up and top-down methodology starting with verified superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel transaction data and projecting adoption velocity across defined segments and regions.

Key Segments of the Superabrasive Electroplated Grinding Wheel Market

Classification:

• Diamond Electroplated Wheels
• CBN Electroplated Wheels
• Others

Application:

• Aerospace
• Optical Glass
• Medical Devices
• Semiconductors
• 3C
• Others

Region:

• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • India
  • Australia & New Zealand
  • ASEAN
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
• Europe
  • Germany
  • United Kingdom
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Nordic
  • BENELUX
  • Rest of Europe
• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Other GCC Countries
  • Turkey
  • South Africa
  • Other African Union
  • Rest of Middle East & Africa

Bibliography

• International Organization for Standardization. (2024). ISO 6104: Superabrasive Products, Rotating Grinding Tools with Diamond or CBN. ISO.
• European Union Aviation Safety Agency. (2024). Certification Specifications for Engines (CS-E). EASA.
• United States Food and Drug Administration. (2024). Guidance for Industry: Process Validation for Medical Devices. U.S. FDA.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook: Advanced Manufacturing. OECD.
• European Commission. (2024). Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745: Implementation Update. European Commission.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Advanced Machining Guides. NIST.

This bibliography is provided for reader reference. The full FMI report contains the complete reference list with primary research documentation.

This report addresses

• Market sizing and quantitative forecast metrics detailing the precise expenditure on superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel across major industry verticals through 2036.
• Segmentation analysis mapping the adoption velocity of specific classification variants and evaluating the structural drivers behind preference shifts.
• Regional deployment intelligence comparing growth trajectories across Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa.
• Regulatory compliance assessment analyzing how evolving standards and certification mandates shape procurement specifications across target geographies.
• Competitive posture evaluation tracking consolidation activity, capacity investments, and strategic partnerships among leading market participants.
• Capital project strategic guidance defining the procurement parameters and supply chain configurations required for superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel sourcing through the forecast period.
• Supply chain vulnerability analysis identifying concentration risks, raw material dependencies, and logistics bottlenecks affecting cost structures.
• Custom data delivery formats encompassing interactive dashboards, raw Excel datasets, and comprehensive PDF narrative reports.