Demand for Glass Fiber in EU

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Size, Market Forecast and Outlook By FMI

The demand for glass fiber in eu was valued at USD 3,072 million in 2025, advancing to USD 3,072 million in 2026 and projected to reach USD 3,894 million by 2036 at a CAGR of 2.4%. Rovings holds 46% of the product type segment in 2026, reflecting entrenched procurement patterns and specification alignment across primary buyer categories. Based on FMI analysis, absolute market expansion of USD 822 million over the 2026 to 2036 forecast period will be concentrated in technology-driven sub-segments and geographies with favorable regulatory or policy environments.

FMI analysts observe that structural demand for demand for glass fiber in eu is shaped by overlapping forces that operate independently of short-term economic cycles. EU Wind Energy Capacity Expansion establishes the volume baseline for the forecast period, while construction composite and insulation mandates is creating incremental demand from previously underserved buyer categories. FMI is of the opinion that producers who position capacity against the convergence of these forces will generate above-market revenue growth while those relying on legacy procurement relationships face margin erosion as specification requirements evolve.

Summary of Demand for Glass Fiber in EU

• Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Definition
  • The demand for glass fiber in eu encompasses continuous and chopped glass fiber reinforcement products supplied to European manufacturers of composites, insulation, and technical textiles, encompassing E-glass, ECR-glass, S-glass, and specialty glass fiber grades in roving, mat, fabric, strand, and yarn product forms.
• Demand Drivers in the Market
  • EU Wind Energy Capacity Expansion: The REPowerEU plan mandates accelerated onshore and offshore wind installation targets, creating sustained glass fiber roving demand for blade manufacturing at certified composite fabricators across Germany, Spain, and Denmark.
  • Construction Composite and Insulation Mandates: EU building renovation wave requirements under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive are driving glass fiber reinforced concrete and insulation composite adoption in renovation projects across all member states.
  • Automotive Lightweighting Compliance with CO2 Fleet Targets: EU regulation setting fleet-average CO2 emission limits for passenger vehicles is sustaining glass fiber demand in structural automotive composites where weight reduction directly supports manufacturer compliance economics.
• Key Segments Analyzed in the FMI Report
  • Rovings: 46% share in 2026, reflecting established procurement specifications that favour this configuration across primary buyer categories for its cost efficiency and performance consistency.
  • Construction: the leading application sub-segment in 2026, anchored by institutional buyers operating under defined procurement cycles and volume commitments that create predictable replacement demand.
  • Spain: 2.8% CAGR through 2036, representing the fastest-growing geography in the covered market, supported by policy-driven demand creation and expanding end-user industry capacity.
• Analyst Opinion at FMI
  • FMI analysts note that the demand for glass fiber in eu is bifurcating between volume-driven segments where regional manufacturers compete on price and specification-driven tiers where certified performance requirements create defensible margins for qualified suppliers. Buyers consolidating vendor relationships will concentrate purchasing with producers who can demonstrate both compliance credentials and delivery reliability, placing mid-tier suppliers without clear differentiation at structural risk. The Spain and Rest of Europe growth trajectories are grounded in verifiable policy commitments and end-user industry expansion rather than speculative demand, making both geographies priority targets for capacity investment decisions through the medium term.
• Strategic Implications / Executive Takeaways
  • Align production capacity and distribution investment with the Spain and Rest of Europe growth trajectories, where CAGR outperformance relative to the global average reflects durable structural demand rather than cyclical acceleration.
  • Develop product lines that meet tightening specification requirements in France and adjacent mature markets, where replacement-cycle buyers prioritize certified performance and supply continuity over unit price.
  • Establish dual-source input arrangements for critical raw materials to reduce exposure to supply concentration risks in geographies that are simultaneously experiencing strong domestic demand growth.

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Key Takeaways

Metric	Details
Industry Size (2026)	USD 3,072 million
Industry Value (2036)	USD 3,894 million
CAGR (2026-2036)	2.4%
Source	Future Market Insights, 2026

Regional performance diverges across the demand for glass fiber in eu forecast horizon. Spain at 2.8% CAGR and Rest of Europe at 2.7% CAGR lead the global expansion trajectory, driven by policy-backed demand creation and growing institutional procurement volumes. Italy at 2.6% and Netherlands at 2.5% represent mid-growth markets where existing regulatory frameworks and procurement infrastructure support steady adoption. France at 2.4%, Germany at 2% reflect mature-market replacement and compliance-driven purchasing rather than volume growth.

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Definition

The demand for glass fiber in eu covers continuous and chopped glass fiber reinforcement products supplied to European manufacturers of composites, insulation, and technical textiles, encompassing E-glass, ECR-glass, S-glass, and specialty glass fiber grades in roving, mat, fabric, strand, and yarn product forms. Products within scope are distinguished by material grade, dimensional specifications, and performance certification requirements that govern procurement decisions across industrial, institutional, and commercial buyer segments. As per FMI, market boundaries are defined by functional end-use characteristics rather than by manufacturing process alone.

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Inclusions

Market scope includes E-glass and ECR-glass rovings, chopped strand mats, woven fabrics, direct and assembled rovings for pultrusion and filament winding, glass fiber yarns for technical textiles, and multiaxial fabric reinforcements sold to EU-based composite manufacturers. All products within scope are evaluated across the full segmentation taxonomy and geographic coverage framework of the FMI analysis.

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Exclusions

The scope excludes carbon fiber and aramid reinforcements, glass wool insulation products not used as composite reinforcement, glass microspheres, glass frit and glass powder products, and finished composite components sold as end products. Products that do not satisfy the functional or material criteria defined by the market taxonomy are omitted from all revenue and volume calculations.

Demand for Glass Fiber in EU Research Methodology

• Primary Research: Structured interviews were conducted with procurement directors, product engineers, and commercial managers across manufacturer, distributor, and end-user organizations in all covered geographies to map decision criteria, specification requirements, and pricing dynamics.
• Desk Research: Secondary data collection aggregated national trade statistics, regulatory filings, company annual reports, investor presentations, standards body publications, and peer-reviewed technical research relevant to the covered market.
• Market-Sizing and Forecasting: A bottom-up revenue model was constructed from verified unit shipment benchmarks and average selling price data, validated against top-down checks derived from total addressable market estimates anchored to observable industry benchmarks from allowed sources.
• Data Validation and Update Cycle: All forecast outputs are cross-referenced against publicly reported company revenue guidance and validated through a secondary round of primary outreach. Data is refreshed on a rolling basis as new regulatory filings and corporate disclosures become available.

Why is the Demand for Glass Fiber Growing in EU?

Industry expansion is being supported by the steady growth in composite materials applications across European manufacturing sectors and the corresponding demand for reliable, cost-effective, and high-performance reinforcement materials with proven functionality in diverse composite applications. Modern composite manufacturers rely on glass fiber as essential reinforcement materials for structural composites, corrosion-resistant applications, and lightweight component production, driving demand for products that match or exceed alternative reinforcement materials' mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact resistance characteristics. Even minor application requirements, such as corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, or thermal performance, can drive continued adoption of glass fiber to maintain optimal composite performance and support established manufacturing processes.

The growing awareness of eco-friendly construction practices and increasing recognition of glass fiber composites' durability advantages are driving demand for glass fiber from certified suppliers with appropriate quality credentials and technical support capabilities. Regulatory authorities are increasingly establishing clear guidelines for construction material specifications, wind turbine certification requirements, and automotive safety standards to maintain product performance and ensure structural integrity. Scientific research studies and engineering analyses are providing evidence supporting glass fiber composites' performance advantages and lifecycle benefits, requiring specialized manufacturing methods and standardized fiber treatment protocols for optimal resin bonding, appropriate sizing selection, and quality validation, including tensile testing and composite characterization.

Segmental Analysis

Sales are segmented by product type (form), application (end use), distribution channel, nature (glass type), and country. By product type, demand is divided into rovings, mats, fabrics, and strands & yarn. Based on the application, sales are categorized into construction, automotive, wind energy, pipes & tanks, marine, aerospace & defence, sports & leisure, and other. In terms of distribution channel, demand is segmented into direct to OEM, distributors, and online/indirect. By nature, sales are classified into E-glass, ECR-glass, S-glass, C-glass, and others. Regionally, demand is focused on Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and the Rest of Europe.

By Product Type, Rovings Segment Accounts for 46% Market Share

The rovings segment is projected to account for 46% of EU glass fiber sales in 2026, establishing itself as the dominant product form across European markets. This commanding position is fundamentally supported by rovings' versatility in composite manufacturing, comprehensive processing compatibility with diverse fabrication methods, and superior cost-effectiveness for high-volume composite production. The rovings format delivers exceptional manufacturing flexibility, providing composite manufacturers with continuous fiber strands that facilitate filament winding, pultrusion, and spray-up processes essential for large-scale composite part production.

This segment benefits from mature manufacturing infrastructure, well-established processing methods, and extensive availability from multiple certified European glass fiber producers who maintain rigorous quality standards and sizing specifications. Rovings offer versatility across various composite applications, including wind turbine blades, pipes and tanks, automotive components, and construction materials, supported by proven manufacturing technologies that address traditional challenges in resin impregnation and fiber wet-out.

The rovings segment is expected to increase slightly to 47.0% share by 2036, demonstrating strengthening positioning as large-scale composite applications, particularly wind energy infrastructure, drive proportionally faster growth throughout the forecast period.

• Versatile processing compatibility supporting diverse composite manufacturing methods
• Cost-effectiveness enabling high-volume composite production and competitive pricing
• Established manufacturing infrastructure supporting consistent quality and supply reliability

By Application, Construction Segment Accounts for 29% Market Share

Construction format is positioned to represent 29% of total glass fiber demand across European markets in 2026, declining slightly to 28.0% by 2036, reflecting the segment's dominance as the primary usage format within the industry ecosystem. This substantial share directly demonstrates that construction represents the largest single application, with building materials manufacturers utilizing glass fiber for insulation products, architectural composites, reinforced concrete, and infrastructure materials requiring durability, corrosion resistance, and cost-effective performance.

Modern construction materials manufacturers increasingly incorporate glass fiber for insulation batts and rolls providing thermal and acoustic performance, driving demand for products optimized for handling safety with appropriate binder systems, consistent thermal properties that ensure energy efficiency ratings, and cost-effective manufacturing that supports competitive construction economics. The segment benefits from established insulation manufacturing infrastructure requiring glass fiber wool production, architectural composite applications including facade panels and architectural moldings, and concrete reinforcement utilizing chopped glass fiber strands preventing cracking.

• Building insulation products providing thermal and acoustic performance for energy efficiency
• Architectural composites enabling durable and corrosion-resistant building materials
• Concrete reinforcement supporting crack prevention and structural enhancement

By Distribution Channel, Direct to OEM Segment Accounts for 58% Market Share

Direct to OEM channels are strategically estimated to control 58% of total European glass fiber sales in 2026, increasing to 60.0% by 2036, reflecting the critical importance of direct relationships between glass fiber producers and composite manufacturers for driving technical collaboration, product customization, and supply reliability. European composite manufacturers, wind turbine blade producers, and automotive suppliers consistently demonstrate strong preference for direct supplier relationships, delivering consistent product specifications, technical support, and supply security supporting manufacturing operations and quality requirements.

The segment provides essential supply chain support through technical service including sizing optimization, application engineering supporting composite process development, and quality assurance programs addressing specific manufacturing requirements and performance specifications. Major European composite manufacturers systematically establish direct supply agreements with glass fiber producers, often conducting extensive material qualification testing, production trials, and long-term contracts that ensure supply security and enable collaborative product development for emerging applications.

The segment's expanding share reflects increasing importance of technical collaboration and customized glass fiber products as composite applications become more demanding, with direct OEM channels strengthening dominant positioning as performance requirements drive closer supplier-manufacturer relationships throughout the forecast period.

• Technical collaboration enabling composite process optimization and product development
• Product customization addressing specific sizing, fiber diameter, and packaging requirements
• Supply reliability through long-term agreements supporting production planning and quality consistency

What are the Drivers, Restraints, and Key Trends of the EU Glass Fiber Market?

EU glass fiber sales are advancing modestly due to steady construction activity, growing wind energy capacity additions, and increasing automotive lightweighting initiatives. The industry faces challenges, including energy cost volatility affecting manufacturing economics, resin supply constraints impacting composite production, and competitive pressure from carbon fiber and natural fibers in premium applications. Continued innovation in sizing technology, green manufacturing, and cost optimization remains central to industry development.

Expansion of Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure

The steadily accelerating development of European offshore wind energy capacity is fundamentally supporting glass fiber demand as wind turbine blade sizes increase to maximize energy capture and reduce levelized cost of energy. Advanced glass fiber grades featuring enhanced fatigue resistance, optimized fiber diameter distributions, and specialized sizing chemistries enable efficient large-diameter blade manufacturing supporting 12-15 MW offshore wind turbines with blade lengths exceeding 100 meters. These renewable energy innovations prove particularly important for offshore wind applications, including floating wind platforms requiring lightweight blade designs, next-generation direct-drive turbines demanding structural efficiency, and offshore wind farms requiring long-term durability in harsh marine environments.

Integration of Eco-Friendly Manufacturing and Recycling Technologies

Modern glass fiber producers systematically incorporate eco-friendly manufacturing initiatives, including energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy utilization in production facilities, and closed-loop glass cullet recycling that reduce environmental impact and manufacturing costs, supporting competitive positioning. Strategic integration of green innovations optimized for glass fiber production enables manufacturers to position environmentally responsible products that support composite industry environmental commitments and regulatory compliance with European environmental standards. These improvements prove essential for construction applications where environmental product declarations influence material selection, and for wind energy applications where lifecycle environmental impact determines project credentials.

Growing Emphasis on Composite Recycling and End-of-Life Solutions

European composite manufacturers increasingly prioritize composite recycling featuring glass fiber recovery, resin recycling technologies, and circular economy business models that align with European waste management regulations and extended producer responsibility requirements. This recycling focus enables glass fiber suppliers to participate in composite lifecycle solutions through mechanical recycling supporting low-grade applications, pyrolysis technologies recovering glass fiber and energy, and chemical recycling processes enabling material recovery. Recycling positioning proves particularly important for wind turbine blade disposal where end-of-life management determines project environmental credentials, and for automotive applications where vehicle recycling regulations mandate material recovery targets.

Demand Analysis of Glass Fiber in EU by Key Countries

Country	CAGR%
Spain	2.8%
Rest of Europe	2.7%
Italy	2.6%
Netherlands	2.5%
France	2.4%
Germany	2.0%

EU glass fiber sales demonstrate modest growth across major European economies, with Spain leading expansion at 2.8% CAGR through 2036, driven by wind energy development and construction activity. Germany maintains leadership through established manufacturing infrastructure and diverse industrial base. France benefits from steady construction demand and automotive composite applications. Italy leverages balanced industrial development and composite manufacturing growth. Spain shows strongest growth supported by renewable energy infrastructure and automotive production. Netherlands emphasizes construction materials and composite technology applications. Sales show steady regional development reflecting EU-wide construction activity, wind energy expansion, and automotive lightweighting trends.

Germany Leads European Sales with Established Manufacturing Infrastructure

Revenue from glass fiber in Germany is projected to exhibit modest growth with a CAGR of 2.0% through 2036, driven by well-developed composite manufacturing infrastructure, comprehensive automotive supply chain, and strong construction materials industry throughout the country. Germany's sophisticated industrial base and internationally recognized manufacturing excellence are maintaining substantial demand for glass fiber across all composite applications.

Major composite manufacturers, including automotive suppliers, wind turbine blade producers, and construction materials companies, systematically incorporate glass fiber into manufacturing processes, often dedicating engineering resources to composite process optimization and material qualification. German demand benefits from extensive automotive component production including electric vehicle battery enclosures, structural components, and interior panels naturally supporting glass fiber adoption across diverse automotive applications beyond traditional uses.

• Established manufacturing infrastructure supporting diverse composite applications
• Automotive supply chain driving glass fiber-reinforced component production
• Construction materials industry providing stable demand for insulation and architectural composites

France Demonstrates Steady Growth with Construction and Automotive Focus

Revenue from glass fiber in France is expanding at a CAGR of 2.4%, substantially supported by steady construction activity emphasizing building insulation and architectural composites, growing automotive composite applications, and established aerospace composite manufacturing. France's strong construction and automotive industries and engineering capabilities are systematically driving demand for glass fiber across diverse applications.

Major construction materials manufacturers and automotive suppliers strategically incorporate glass fiber through insulation production, architectural composite fabrication, and automotive component manufacturing requiring lightweight materials. French sales particularly benefit from aerospace composite applications including Airbus production requiring certified glass fiber materials, driving technical sophistication within the glass fiber category. Technical collaboration between composite manufacturers and glass fiber suppliers significantly enhances material optimization across traditional and emerging applications.

• Construction insulation manufacturing providing substantial stable demand
• Automotive composite applications supporting lightweighting initiatives and electric vehicle production
• Aerospace composite manufacturing requiring high-quality certified glass fiber materials

Italy Maintains Steady Growth with Balanced Industrial Development

Revenue from glass fiber in Italy is growing at a modest CAGR of 2.6%, fundamentally driven by balanced industrial development encompassing automotive component manufacturing, construction materials production, and marine composite fabrication across Italian manufacturing sectors. Italy's diverse industrial base is systematically incorporating glass fiber as manufacturers maintain composite manufacturing capabilities while supporting various industrial sectors.

Major automotive component suppliers, boat builders, and construction materials producers strategically utilize glass fiber through composite component manufacturing, marine vessel fabrication, and building materials production requiring reinforcement materials. Italian sales particularly benefit from strong recreational boating tradition, creating consistent demand for marine composites supporting Mediterranean boating markets, combined with automotive component manufacturing supplying European vehicle production.

• Automotive component manufacturing supporting Italian and European vehicle production
• Marine composite fabrication leveraging strong boating industry and Mediterranean markets
• Construction materials production providing diverse glass fiber applications

Spain Focuses on Wind Energy Growth and Construction Activity

Demand for glass fiber in Spain is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.8%, substantially supported by wind energy capacity expansion, construction activity recovery, and automotive component manufacturing growth. Spanish renewable energy leadership and construction sector positioning glass fiber as valuable materials supporting wind turbine blade production and building materials manufacturing.

Major wind energy developers and construction materials manufacturers systematically expand glass fiber utilization through wind turbine blade production facilities, building insulation manufacturing, and automotive component fabrication supporting Spanish and European markets. Spain's substantial wind energy capacity particularly drives glass fiber demand through domestic blade manufacturing supporting both domestic installations and export markets, combined with construction activity requiring insulation materials and architectural composites.

• Wind energy capacity expansion driving blade manufacturing and glass fiber demand
• Construction activity supporting insulation materials and architectural composite applications
• Automotive component manufacturing contributing to glass fiber consumption growth

Netherlands Emphasizes Construction Materials and Technology Applications

Demand for glass fiber in Netherlands is expanding at a CAGR of 2.5%, fundamentally driven by construction materials manufacturing, composite technology development, and infrastructure applications. Dutch manufacturers demonstrate strong focus on eco-friendly construction materials and advanced composite applications requiring glass fiber reinforcement.

Netherlands sales significantly benefit from construction materials industry presence, including insulation manufacturing and architectural composite production, creating stable demand for glass fiber supporting Dutch building sector. The country's composite technology expertise paradoxically coexists with strong construction focus, as manufacturers leverage technical capabilities while serving established construction materials markets. The Netherlands also serves as composite technology hub for European markets, with successful Dutch composite innovations often expanding to broader European applications.

• Construction materials manufacturing providing stable demand for insulation and architectural composites
• Composite technology development supporting advanced applications and material innovation
• Infrastructure applications requiring corrosion-resistant composite materials and structures

Europe Market Split by Country

EU glass fiber sales are projected to grow from USD 3 million in 2026 to USD 3.9 million by 2036, registering a CAGR of 2.4% over the forecast period. The Spain region is expected to demonstrate the strongest growth trajectory with a 2.8% CAGR, supported by wind energy expansion, construction activity, and automotive component manufacturing. Rest of Europe and Italy follow with 2.7% and 2.6% CAGR each, attributed to diverse industrial activities and steady composite market development, respectively.

Germany, while maintaining the largest share at 28.0% in 2026, is expected to grow at a 2.0% CAGR, reflecting market maturity and established glass fiber manufacturing infrastructure. Netherlands and France also demonstrate 2.5% and 2.4% CAGR, respectively, supported by steady construction markets and composite manufacturing activities.

Competitive Landscape

EU glass fiber sales are defined by competition among major multinational glass fiber producers, regional manufacturers, and specialty glass fiber suppliers. Companies are investing in energy efficiency improvements, eco-friendly manufacturing initiatives, technical support services, and product innovation to deliver cost-competitive, environmentally responsible, and technically optimized glass fiber solutions. Strategic partnerships with composite manufacturers, wind energy qualification programs, and technical marketing emphasizing performance and eco-concious are central to strengthening competitive position.

Major participants include Owens Corning with an estimated 13.0% share, leveraging its extensive European manufacturing footprint, established construction insulation presence, and wind energy blade materials portfolio, supporting consistent supply to composite manufacturers across Europe. Owens Corning benefits from integrated glass fiber production, technical support capabilities, and the ability to provide complete reinforcement solutions, including rovings, mats, and specialty products, supporting customer composite manufacturing optimization.

Saint-Gobain holds approximately 11.0% share, emphasizing strong European construction channels, building insulation leadership, and architectural composite applications. Saint-Gobain's success in construction materials distribution and technical glass fiber products creates strong competitive positioning in building materials markets, supported by European manufacturing presence and construction industry relationships.

Johns Manville accounts for roughly 9.0% share through its position as OEM composite supplier, providing glass fiber reinforcements for automotive, wind energy, and industrial applications featuring technical support and application engineering. The company benefits from composite industry expertise, diverse product portfolio, and European manufacturing footprint supporting composite manufacturer requirements.

Other companies and regional manufacturers collectively hold 67.0% share, reflecting the moderately fragmented nature of European glass fiber sales, where numerous regional glass fiber producers, specialty fiber manufacturers, construction materials companies, and global competitors serve specific market segments, regional customers, and niche applications. This fragmentation provides opportunities for differentiation through specialized products (high-performance sizing, customized fiber diameters), regional manufacturing presence, application-specific solutions, and premium positioning resonating with composite manufacturers seeking reliable glass fiber partners with technical expertise.

Key Players

• Owens Corning
• Saint-Gobain
• Johns Manville
• Regional glass fiber producers
• Specialty reinforcement suppliers

Scope of the Report

Metric	Value
Quantitative Units	USD 3,072 million to USD 3,894 million, at a CAGR of 2.4%
Market Definition	Demand for Glass Fiber in EU encompasses continuous and chopped glass fiber reinforcement products supplied to European manufacturers of composites, insulation, and technical textiles, encompassing E-glass, ECR-glass, S-glass, and specialty glass fiber grades in roving, mat, fabric, strand, and yarn product forms.
Segmentation	Product Type (Rovings, Mats, Fabrics, Strands and Yarn); Application (Construction, Automotive, Wind Energy, Pipes and Tanks, Marine, Aerospace and Defence); Distribution Channel (Direct to OEM, Distributors, Online and Indirect)
Regions Covered	North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East and Africa
Countries Covered	Spain, Rest of Europe, Italy, Netherlands, France, Germany, and 40 plus countries
Key Companies Profiled	Owens Corning, Saint-Gobain, Johns Manville, Regional glass fiber producers, Specialty reinforcement suppliers
Forecast Period	2026 to 2036
Approach	Bottom-up revenue modeling anchored to verified shipment and pricing benchmarks, with scenario adjustments applied for regulatory, policy, and macroeconomic inputs

Key Segments

Product Type (Form):

• Rovings
• Mats
• Fabrics
• Strands & Yarn

Application (End Use):

• Construction
• Automotive
• Wind Energy
• Pipes & Tanks
• Marine
• Aerospace & Defence
• Sports & Leisure
• Other

Distribution Channel:

• Direct to OEM
• Distributors
• Online/Indirect

Nature (Glass Type):

• E-Glass
• ECR-Glass
• S-Glass
• C-Glass
• Others

Countries:

• Germany
• France
• Italy
• Spain
• Netherlands
• Rest of Europe

Bibliography

• European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. (2024, March). REPowerEU plan: Wind energy deployment progress report. EC.
• European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. (2024, June). Energy performance of buildings directive: Implementation status across member states. EC.
• European Automobile Manufacturers Association. (2024, April). CO2 fleet target compliance report 2023: Passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. ACEA.
• European Composites Industry Association. (2024, February). European composites market report 2024: Glass fiber demand by application. EuCIA.
• Eurostat. (2024, May). Industrial production in the EU: Glass and glass products sector quarterly bulletin. Eurostat.
• WindEurope. (2024, July). Wind energy in Europe: 2023 statistics and the 2024 to 2030 outlook. WindEurope.

This bibliography is provided for reader reference. The full FMI report contains the complete reference list with primary research documentation.