AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Size, Market Forecast and Outlook By FMI

The AC grid connected microgrid market was valued at USD 9.90 billion in 2025, projected to reach USD 11.87 billion in 2026, and is forecast to expand to USD 72.89 billion by 2036 at a 19.9% CAGR. FMI analysts observe that the expansion is driven by deteriorating grid reliability in climate-vulnerable regions, escalating commercial and industrial demand for power resilience, and declining solar PV plus battery storage levelized costs that make microgrids economically competitive with grid-only supply. The AC grid connected microgrid architecture enables seamless transition between grid-parallel and islanded operation modes, providing continuous power to critical loads during utility outages.

Summary of AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market

• Market Snapshot
  • The AC grid connected microgrid market is valued at USD 9.90 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 72.89 billion by 2036.
  • The industry is expected to grow at a 19.9% CAGR from 2026 to 2036, creating an incremental opportunity of USD 61.02 billion.
  • The market is a resilience-driven, systems-integration-intensive energy infrastructure category where islanding capability, renewable integration ratio, and grid interconnection compliance define competitive positioning.
• Demand and Growth Drivers
  • Demand is rising as deteriorating grid reliability in climate-vulnerable regions and escalating commercial demand for power resilience drive microgrid deployment across healthcare, military, and commercial facilities.
  • Declining solar PV plus lithium-ion battery storage costs are making four-hour duration AC microgrids economically competitive with grid-only supply for commercial applications.
  • Growth is further supported by utility grid modernization programs that incentivize distributed energy resource integration through microgrid interconnection frameworks.
  • Among key countries, India leads at 24.9% CAGR, followed by Germany at 22.9%, France at 20.9%, the UK at 18.9%, the USA at 16.9%, and Brazil at 14.9%.
• Product and Segment View
  • The market includes AC grid connected microgrids powered by solar PV, diesel generators, natural gas, and CHP systems with lithium-ion, lead acid, flow battery, and flywheel energy storage across industrial, healthcare, military, utility, and remote applications.
  • Solar PV leads by power source with 41.0% share in 2026, driven by declining module costs and favorable net metering policies.
  • Lithium-ion leads by storage device with 58.0% share in 2026.
  • Industrial/commercial leads by application with 32.0% share in 2026.
  • The scope includes all AC-architecture grid connected microgrids capable of islanded and grid-parallel operation, while excluding DC microgrids, off-grid standalone systems, and simple backup generator installations without microgrid controllers.
• Geography and Competitive Outlook
  • India and Germany are the fastest-growing markets due to grid reliability challenges and distributed energy policy support, while the United States maintains the largest installed microgrid capacity.
  • Competition is shaped by microgrid controller software capability, energy management system integration, and project development experience, with key players including Schneider Electric, Siemens AG, ABB, General Electric, and Eaton Corporation.
  • Based on FMI's report, the market is transitioning from bespoke engineered systems toward standardized, modular microgrid packages that reduce deployment timelines from 18 months to under 6 months.
• Analyst Opinion at FMI
  • Nikhil Kaitwade, Principal Consultant for Oil & Gas, opines,: 'In my analysis, I have observed that the primary adoption barrier for AC grid connected microgrids is no longer technology cost but the complexity of utility interconnection agreements and grid code compliance. Facility owners who initiate microgrid projects without early engagement with their local utility face interconnection study timelines that can exceed the equipment procurement and installation schedule. Energy managers who secure utility interconnection pre-approval before issuing microgrid procurement specifications can compress total project delivery by six to nine months.'
• Strategic Implications / Executive Takeaways
  • Microgrid developers must standardize modular system packages with pre-certified grid interconnection compliance to reduce project development timelines from 18 months to under 6 months.
  • Healthcare facility energy managers should prioritize microgrid deployment for critical care buildings where zero power interruption tolerance justifies the capital investment.
  • Utility planners must develop streamlined microgrid interconnection frameworks that enable distributed energy resource integration without compromising grid stability.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Key Takeaways

Metric	Details
Industry Size (2026)	USD 11.87 billion
Industry Value (2036)	USD 72.89 billion
CAGR (2026-2036)	19.9%

Source: Future Market Insights, 2026

The market is adding an incremental opportunity of approximately USD 61.02 billion between 2026 and 2036. This growth reflects the structural convergence of energy resilience requirements, distributed energy resource deployment, and utility grid modernization programs. As per FMI, healthcare facilities, military installations, and data centers are the anchor demand segments because their zero-tolerance for power interruption justifies the capital cost of integrated microgrid systems. Lithium-ion battery storage costs have declined sufficiently to make four-hour duration microgrids economically viable for commercial facilities, expanding the addressable market beyond mission-critical applications into general commercial and light industrial use cases.

Regional growth trajectories reflect grid reliability challenges, policy support for distributed energy, and renewable energy cost dynamics. India sets the pace with a 24.9% CAGR, driven by unreliable grid supply in industrial corridors and the PM-KUSUM scheme supporting solar microgrid deployment for agricultural and rural loads. Germany follows at 22.9%, supported by the Energiewende policy framework encouraging distributed generation and local energy communities. France registers a 20.9% pace, anchored by military base energy resilience programs and industrial zone microgrid pilots. The United Kingdom advances at 18.9%, driven by NHS hospital energy resilience mandates. The United States grows at 16.9%, supported by FEMA community resilience programs and state-level microgrid incentives. Brazil registers a 14.9% trajectory.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Definition

AC grid connected microgrids are localized energy systems that integrate distributed generation sources, energy storage, and controllable loads within a defined electrical boundary, operating in both grid-parallel and islanded modes through an AC architecture. These systems provide power resilience, renewable energy optimization, and demand management for industrial, commercial, healthcare, military, and community facilities.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Inclusions

Market scope includes all AC-architecture grid connected microgrids capable of seamless transition between grid-parallel and islanded operation. Solar PV, diesel, natural gas, and CHP generation sources with lithium-ion, lead acid, flow battery, and flywheel storage are incorporated. Microgrid controllers and energy management systems are included.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Exclusions

DC microgrids, off-grid standalone power systems without grid interconnection capability, simple backup generator installations lacking microgrid controllers, and utility-scale battery energy storage systems operating independently of microgrid architectures are excluded.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Research Methodology

• Primary Research: Analysts engaged with microgrid project developers, hospital facility energy managers, military installation energy officers, and utility distributed energy resource planners to map project pipeline activity and deployment decision criteria.
• Desk Research: Data collection phases aggregated microgrid project databases, utility interconnection application records, renewable energy incentive program specifications, and published energy resilience planning guidelines from federal and state agencies.
• Market-Sizing and Forecasting: Baseline values derive from a bottom-up aggregation of microgrid project deployments by capacity tier and application type, applying system-level pricing and engineering service revenue to project future market value.
• Data Validation and Update Cycle: Projections are tested against publicly reported distributed energy revenue from leading microgrid system integrators and cross-referenced with renewable energy deployment statistics from national energy agencies.

Why is the AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market Growing?

The AC grid connected microgrid market is advancing rapidly, driven by the growing demand for resilient, low-carbon, and digitally controlled energy systems. Increasing integration of renewable energy sources into national grids, coupled with heightened emphasis on energy security and carbon neutrality, is encouraging widespread deployment of microgrids. Government incentives for renewable energy adoption and advancements in smart grid technologies are further strengthening market growth.

AC grid-connected systems are being prioritized due to their compatibility with conventional power infrastructure and their ability to offer bidirectional energy flow and grid support functions. The rising frequency of grid outages and growing energy consumption in industrial and commercial sectors are prompting organizations to invest in dependable and flexible energy solutions.

The convergence of digital controls, storage systems, and decentralized energy generation is positioning the AC grid connected microgrid market as a key enabler of next-generation power systems. The market is expected to expand steadily as innovation in energy storage, power electronics, and renewable generation technologies continues..

Segmental Analysis

The AC grid-connected microgrid market is segmented by power source, storage device, application, and geographic regions. The AC grid-connected microgrid market is divided by power source into Solar PV, Diesel generators, Natural gas, CHP, and Others. In terms of storage devices, the AC grid-connected microgrid market is classified into Lithium-ion, Lead acid, Flow battery, Flywheels, and Others. Based on the application of the AC grid-connected microgrid market, it is segmented into Industrial/Commercial, Healthcare, Educational institutes, Military, Utility, Remote, and Others. Regionally, the AC grid-connected microgrid industry is classified into North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Balkan & Baltic Countries, Russia & Belarus, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia & Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa.

Insights into the Solar PV Power Source Segment

The solar PV power source segment is projected to account for 41% of the AC Grid Connected Microgrid market revenue share in 2026, making it the leading energy generation source. The growth of this segment has been supported by a sharp decline in photovoltaic module costs, improved efficiency of solar technologies, and regulatory encouragement for clean energy adoption.

It has been observed that solar PV is increasingly being utilized in microgrid deployments to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions. The ability of solar power to be integrated seamlessly with advanced inverter controls and real-time energy management software has enhanced its value proposition in grid connected architectures.

Moreover, favorable policies including feed-in tariffs, net metering, and tax credits have accelerated the installation of solar PV within industrial, commercial, and institutional microgrids. As demand grows for distributed renewable energy solutions that provide reliability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, solar PV has remained a preferred choice in AC grid connected microgrid systems..

Insights into the Lithium-ion Storage Device Segment

The lithium-ion storage device segment is expected to capture 58% of the AC Grid Connected Microgrid market revenue share in 2026, establishing itself as the dominant energy storage solution. The segment’s leadership has been attributed to the superior energy density, rapid charge and discharge capabilities, and longer lifecycle performance offered by lithium-ion batteries.

These systems have been widely adopted in microgrid architectures due to their compact design, reliability, and ability to support real-time load balancing and peak shaving. The widespread availability of lithium-ion solutions and the decreasing cost per kilowatt-hour have further stimulated their integration across grid connected applications.

Software-defined battery management systems have enhanced safety and efficiency, allowing operators to control energy flows and optimize storage performance dynamically. As the need for resilient, high-performance storage increases in support of intermittent renewable generation, lithium-ion technology continues to lead in both utility-scale and behind-the-meter deployments within the AC microgrid framework..

Insights into the Industrial Commercial Application Segment

The industrial commercial segment is projected to hold 32% of the AC Grid Connected Microgrid market revenue share in 2026, making it the largest application category. The increasing requirement for uninterrupted power supply, energy cost savings, and operational continuity in manufacturing plants, data centers, commercial buildings, and logistics facilities has driven the segment’s growth.

Industrial and commercial users have increasingly invested in grid connected microgrids to gain better control over their energy usage, integrate on-site renewable generation, and ensure backup power during grid instability. The ability to participate in demand response programs and reduce peak electricity charges has made microgrids an attractive solution for these sectors.

Enhanced energy monitoring and intelligent load control features have enabled organizations to improve efficiency and meet sustainability goals. As businesses aim to reduce emissions and improve energy resilience, the deployment of AC microgrids in industrial and commercial environments has gained strong momentum, ensuring sustained leadership for this segment.

What are the Drivers, Restraints, and Key Trends of the AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market?

AC grid-connected microgrids are becoming essential for energy stability and decentralized power management. Their integration with renewables and advanced controls positions them as critical assets for future-ready energy networks.

Increasing Deployment in Industrial and Utility Applications

The AC grid-connected microgrid market is witnessing strong adoption across industrial clusters and utility networks due to rising demand for a reliable and stable power supply. These microgrids ensure seamless power backup during outages and help maintain voltage stability, reducing reliance on centralized grids. Industries such as manufacturing, oil and gas, and mining are leveraging AC-connected systems to enhance operational continuity and energy efficiency. Utilities are integrating these systems to improve grid resilience and manage peak loads effectively. The ability to accommodate multiple distributed energy resources, including renewables and CHP systems, further supports their adoption, making them a strategic solution for maintaining uninterrupted operations in critical sectors.

Integration of Renewable Energy and Hybrid Systems

AC grid-connected microgrids are increasingly incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, complemented by battery storage systems. This integration provides cost-effective power while reducing dependence on fossil-based generation. By connecting to the main grid, these systems allow for energy export during surplus generation and import during low production periods, ensuring continuous supply. Hybrid microgrid models that combine renewable energy, backup generators, and grid power offer flexibility and stability, making them suitable for large commercial complexes and public infrastructure. This capability to balance supply and demand efficiently drives their attractiveness among utilities and large-scale energy consumers globally.

Rising Role in Grid Modernization and Energy Transition

The transition toward decentralized energy systems has accelerated the adoption of AC grid-connected microgrids as part of grid modernization initiatives. Governments and regulatory bodies are promoting their deployment to enhance energy security and reduce transmission losses. These microgrids enable efficient integration of distributed energy resources while supporting advanced grid functions such as demand response and real-time energy balancing. Their role in maintaining frequency stability and reducing pressure on aging transmission infrastructure positions them as key assets in modern power distribution networks. Large-scale adoption is expected across regions with policy support and growing investments in smart grid projects.

Digitalization Driving Operational Efficiency

Advances in control systems, automation, and energy management platforms are transforming the performance of AC grid-connected microgrids. Intelligent monitoring and control solutions allow real-time data analytics for optimizing power flow and managing distributed assets efficiently. Features such as automated islanding, predictive maintenance, and advanced inverter technologies are enhancing reliability and system responsiveness. Digital platforms further enable remote operations and predictive grid stability measures, creating new opportunities for utilities and industrial users. These improvements ensure higher return on investment by reducing operational costs and extending system lifespan, strengthening the position of AC grid-connected microgrids in global energy strategies.

Analysis of Ac Grid Connected Microgrid Market By Key Countries

Country	CAGR
China	26.9%
India	24.9%
Germany	22.9%
France	20.9%
UK	18.9%
USA	16.9%
Brazil	14.9%

The AC grid-connected microgrid market is projected to expand globally at a CAGR of 19.9% between 2026 and 2036, supported by rapid energy transition initiatives, increased renewable integration, and growing demand for decentralized energy solutions. China leads with an impressive CAGR of 26.9%, driven by large-scale smart grid projects, industrial cluster electrification, and policy-backed energy resilience programs. India follows at 24.9%, fueled by government-led rural electrification, renewable adoption in commercial sectors, and digital grid modernization plans. France records 20.9%, benefiting from government-backed initiatives in sustainable energy deployment and enhanced grid stability requirements. The United Kingdom grows at 18.9%, supported by energy security policies, microgrid deployment in remote regions, and integration with offshore wind power. The United States reports 16.9%, driven by increased investment in campus-based microgrids, military installations, and resilience-focused infrastructure modernization programs. The analysis covers more than 40 countries, with these five representing key benchmarks for technology deployment, regulatory policy impact, and investment opportunities shaping the future of AC grid-connected microgrids globally.

Expanding Growth of AC Grid-Connected Microgrids in China

China is expected to register a CAGR of 26.9% during 2026-2036, an increase from approximately 22.8% during 2021-2025, well above the global average of 19.9%. The significant rise is driven by accelerated investments in renewable energy integration and large-scale deployment of smart grid technologies. During the earlier period, adoption was centered on industrial parks and commercial complexes requiring stable backup systems. Post-2024, government-backed policies for energy resilience and rural electrification have fueled microgrid installations across diverse applications, including urban clusters and critical infrastructure. Advanced inverter solutions and digital grid controls are becoming standard, reinforcing system stability and energy efficiency.

• Large-scale urban smart grid projects boost adoption post-2026.
• Renewable integration with advanced storage ensures grid reliability.
• Government incentives accelerate deployment in industrial hubs.

Growing Deployment of AC Grid-Connected Microgrids in India

India is forecasted to post a CAGR of 24.9% during 2026-2036, up from nearly 20.4% in 2021-2025, marking a robust upward shift. The earlier phase saw steady implementation of microgrids in rural electrification projects and remote communities under national energy access programs. In the next decade, adoption will be driven by renewable energy integration across commercial facilities, smart city initiatives, and decentralized power systems in urban regions. Significant cost reductions in energy storage and advancements in automation are supporting scalability. Partnerships between private developers and state utilities are accelerating the rollout of AC grid-connected microgrids for both reliability and cost-efficiency.

• Renewable energy and storage integration enhance reliability.
• Public-private partnerships accelerate microgrid project execution.
• Smart city projects create consistent demand for grid-connected systems.

Increased Adoption of AC Grid-Connected Microgrids in France

France is projected to grow at a CAGR of 20.9% between 2026-2036, rising from approximately 17.5% during 2021-2025, indicating stable momentum. Early growth was supported by pilot programs in industrial zones and defense installations, ensuring energy security. In the upcoming decade, the adoption of microgrids will be strengthened by aggressive carbon reduction targets and grid modernization plans under the European Green Deal framework. Integration with distributed energy sources, particularly offshore wind and solar, is creating opportunities for hybrid AC grid-connected microgrids. Growing demand from large commercial facilities and hospitals is boosting investments in advanced microgrid configurations.

• European Green Deal targets accelerate deployment in urban clusters.
• Healthcare and commercial sectors drive system adoption post-2027.
• Integration with offshore wind enhances grid stability benefits.

Rising Role of AC Grid-Connected Microgrids in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is expected to post a CAGR of 18.9% during 2026-2036, compared to about 15.2% during 2021-2025, demonstrating a noticeable increase. In the earlier phase, adoption was focused on military installations and university campuses for energy resilience. By 2026, policy-driven commitments for renewable integration and grid decentralization will enhance large-scale adoption in residential communities and commercial buildings. Integration with offshore wind projects and government-funded net-zero initiatives will play a significant role in driving market growth. The development of advanced energy management systems will further improve operational efficiency and lower lifecycle costs for AC microgrid deployments.

• Government-backed net-zero targets accelerate microgrid adoption.
• Integration with EV charging infrastructure supports urban rollouts.
• Smart control systems enhance operational stability and efficiency.

Expanding AC Grid-Connected Microgrids in the United States

The United States is forecasted to record a CAGR of 16.9% between 2026-2036, rising from nearly 13.8% in 2021-2025, indicating moderate growth. Initial adoption was driven by military bases, university campuses, and municipal utilities prioritizing energy security and outage resilience. The coming decade will see increased investments in microgrids for commercial facilities, critical infrastructure, and data centers. Federal and state-level incentives, combined with tax credits for renewable projects, will encourage deployments. Advanced digital monitoring and predictive control systems are being integrated into microgrid networks to optimize performance and reduce costs. Resilience planning in disaster-prone regions further reinforces long-term demand.

• Federal incentives and state policies drive implementation post-2026.
• Data centers and healthcare facilities become primary adoption hubs.
• Disaster-resilient infrastructure fuels consistent project investments.

Competitive Landscape of AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market

The AC grid-connected microgrid market is dominated by globally established energy and automation leaders, including Schneider Electric, Siemens AG, ABB, General Electric, and Eaton Corporation, all competing on grid stability, integration efficiency, and digital energy management solutions. Schneider Electric stands out with its EcoStruxure Microgrid Advisor platform, offering advanced demand-side optimization and energy-as-a-service models to enhance resilience and cost savings for commercial and industrial users.

Siemens AG focuses on modular and scalable AC grid-connected microgrid systems with intelligent controllers, enabling seamless integration of renewables and energy storage for both urban and remote installations. ABB brings strong expertise in digital automation and power electronics, delivering high-performance grid-interactive systems optimized for industrial clusters and utility grids. Its focus on smart monitoring and predictive maintenance strengthens operational reliability. General Electric (GE) leverages its experience in grid infrastructure to provide microgrid solutions incorporating hybrid generation and real-time grid control, targeting critical sectors like defense, healthcare, and data centers. Eaton Corporation emphasizes advanced control technologies and flexible configurations designed for rapid deployment, supported by its energy storage and power distribution capabilities, addressing energy transition challenges for both private and public sectors.

The competitive landscape is characterized by an increasing shift toward digitization, modular configurations, and cloud-based energy management systems. Strategic initiatives include partnerships with renewable developers, deployment of AI-driven predictive analytics, and integration of EV charging into microgrid networks. These companies are investing in hybrid energy systems, resilient grid designs, and localized production strategies to meet regional regulatory frameworks and decarbonization targets. Future success will depend on their ability to deliver cost-efficient, digitally optimized microgrids that enhance energy security, reduce operational complexity, and support large-scale renewable adoption across global markets.

Key Developments in AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market

On December 5, 2024, Eaton announced the installation of a solar-plus-storage microgrid at a Wisconsin school, delivering 1.3 MW of solar with generation redundancies for uninterrupted operations

Scope of the Report

Metric	Value
Quantitative Units	USD 11.87 billion to USD 72.89 billion, at a CAGR of 19.9%
Market Definition	Localized AC energy systems integrating distributed generation, storage, and controllable loads within a defined boundary, operating in grid-parallel and islanded modes.
Power Source Segmentation	Solar PV, Diesel Generators, Natural Gas, CHP, Others
Storage Device Segmentation	Lithium-ion, Lead Acid, Flow Battery, Flywheels, Others
Application Segmentation	Industrial/Commercial, Healthcare, Educational Institutes, Military, Utility, Remote, Others
Regions Covered	North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East & Africa
Countries Covered	India, Germany, France, UK, USA, Brazil, and 40 plus countries
Key Companies Profiled	Schneider Electric, Siemens AG, ABB, General Electric, Eaton Corporation
Forecast Period	2026 to 2036
Approach	Bottom-up methodology starting with microgrid project deployments by capacity and application, applying system-level pricing and engineering service revenue.

AC Grid Connected Microgrid Market by Segments

Power Source:

• Solar PV
• Diesel generators
• Natural gas
• CHP
• Others

Storage Device:

• Lithium-ion
• Lead acid
• Flow battery
• Flywheels
• Others

Application:

• Industrial/Commercial
• Healthcare
• Educational institutes
• Military
• Utility
• Remote
• Others

Region:

• North America
  • USA
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Rest of Latin America
• Western Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • France
  • Nordic
  • BENELUX
  • Rest of Western Europe
• Eastern Europe
  • Russia
  • Poland
  • Hungary
  • Balkan & Baltic
  • Rest of Eastern Europe
• East Asia
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
• South Asia and Pacific
  • India
  • ASEAN
  • Australia & New Zealand
  • Rest of South Asia and Pacific
• Middle East & Africa
  • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Other GCC Countries
  • Turkiye
  • South Africa
  • Other African Union
  • Rest of Middle East & Africa

Bibliography

• USA Department of Energy. (2024). Microgrid program strategy: Advancing resilient and reliable distributed energy systems. DOE.
• European Commission. (2024). Clean energy for all Europeans package: Local energy communities framework. EC.
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. (2024). PM-KUSUM scheme: Solar microgrid deployment guidelines. MNRE.
• International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). Innovation outlook: Microgrids for productive use applications. IRENA.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2024). Community resilience planning guide: Energy infrastructure. FEMA.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). Clean energy investment outlook: Distributed generation and storage. OECD.

This bibliography is provided for reader reference. The full Future Market Insights report contains the complete reference list with primary research documentation.

This Report Addresses

• Market sizing and quantitative forecast metrics detailing AC grid connected microgrid system expenditure across healthcare, military, commercial, and utility applications through 2036.
• Segmentation analysis mapping power source and storage technology adoption dynamics and evaluating the economic viability threshold for commercial microgrid deployment.
• Regional deployment intelligence comparing grid reliability driven demand in South Asia against policy-supported distributed energy deployment in Europe.
• Regulatory compliance assessment analyzing utility interconnection frameworks and grid code compliance requirements across major markets.
• Competitive posture evaluation tracking microgrid controller software capability and standardized modular system development as competitive differentiators.
• Capital project strategic guidance defining the utility interconnection pre-approval and procurement sequencing framework for optimal project delivery.
• Supply chain analysis identifying lithium-ion battery and inverter sourcing dependencies affecting system delivery timelines.
• Custom data delivery formats encompassing interactive dashboards, raw Excel datasets, and PDF narrative reports.